<p>The Alex Theatre is a landmark located at 216 North Brand Boulevard in Glendale, California, United States. It is currently owned by the city of Glendale and operated by SAS. The theater&#39;s capacity is 1,400.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Alex Theatre originally opened in 1925 as the Alexander Theatre, although at least one written source attributes it to the architectural firm of Meyer & Holler. Lindley & Selkirk Associates also designed the Hotel Glendale. The unique interior has distinct neo-classic Greek and Egyptian architectural elements, similar to the Greco-Egyptian period of Ptolemaic Egypt. A long walkway and courtyard separating the ticket booth from the lobby was inspired after the famous Grauman&#39;s Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, notable theater architect S. Charles Lee was commissioned to redesign the exterior of the Alexander. Lees portfolio included the Tower Theatre and the Los Angeles Theatre, both in Downtown Los Angeles, the Academy Theatre in Inglewood, as well as the Tujunga Theatre in Tujunga. His contributions included a 100 ft art-deco column with neon lights, topped by a spiked, neon sphere that gave it a starburst appearance. A neon, angled marquee emblazoned the theaters new name, the Alex, which was shortened to fit the larger letters. At this time the two-story retail and office building on the south half of the forecourt lot was demolished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Alexander officially opened its doors on September 4, 1925. It was operated by the West Coast-Langley Theatre Circuit and featured vaudeville performances, plays and silent movies on a single screen.It was named after Alexander Langley, the son of Claude L. Langley, owner of the West Coast chain that included the Raymond Theater in Pasadena, and the Orange Theatre in the city of Orange. In addition to the lavish architecture, a huge Wurlitzer pipe organ was installed. A regular organist supplied improvised accompaniment during the silent picture era.</p><br>
<p>Located only a few miles from Walt Disneys Hyperion studio, the theater was Disneys favorite place to preview his cartoons to see how they would play to audiences. Several movies had their preview screening at The Alex, inviting celebrities such as Alice Faye, Don Ameche, Elizabeth Taylor for National Velvet and Bing Crosby for Going My Way (both 1944). A backstage fire on August 23, 1948, caused $150,000 in damages.</p><br>
<p>Starting in the 1950s, the Alex showed blockbuster films such as Ben-Hur (1959) and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). A wide aspect ratio screen was installed in 1954, to accommodate the new CinemaScope pictures, along with a surround sound system.</p><br>
<p>The Alex underwent an extensive renovation in 1993, which restored much of the original wall-painting and decorations, as well as the neon spire added by S. Charles Lee.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Alex Theatre Performing Arts and Entertainment Center has been the centerpiece of Glendales arts, culture and community events since it originally opened. It is managed by Glendale Arts, anon-profit organization. The theaters diverse schedule boasts roughly 250 events per year and attracts more than 100,000 patrons annually. Programs range from classical and contemporary concerts, theatre, dance, comedy, fundraising and special events as well as TV and film productions and industry related award presentations.</p><br>
<p>The Alex was the venue in 2017 for the season 9 finale of RuPaul&#39;s Drag Race. And in the summer of 2019, the NBC comedy competition series Bring the Funny used the Alex Theatre as the venue for the final two episodes of its first season.</p><br>
<p>The Gay Men&#39;s Chorus of Los Angeles occasionally performs at the Alex Theatre. A 2018 matinée performance of "The Pink Carpet: The Portrayal of LGBTQ People in Film" was the target of a bomb threat.</p><br>
<p>Resident companies include the Alex Film Society, Glendale Youth Orchestra, Musical Theatre Guild, and the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra.</p><br>
<p>Arcadia College, located in Arcadia, Missouri, United States, was founded by Rev. J.C. Berryman in 1843. The institution was associated with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Berryman then sold the institution in 1858 and it closed in 1861. The buildings were used as hospital for Union soldiers before reverting to Berryman in 1863. He returned for a few years and tried to restart the institution. The college then went through several owners and a four-story brick building was erected in 1870. Arcadia College closed in 1877. The building was acquired by Order of the Ursulines for Ursuline Academy/College. The school closed in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Lecture Series at Texas A&M is named for a former chair of A&M&#39;s English Department who served as president of Arcadia from 1870 to 1873. The Nostalgic Place Bed & Breakfast operates on the former campus</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>Ursuline Academy-Arcadia College Historic District is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Will Mayfield College was a Baptist school located in Marble Hill, Missouri. From 1878 to 1934, the college offered four years of preparatory school and two years of junior college work.</p><br>
<p>Will Mayfield was founded by William Henderson Mayfield and Dr. H. J. Smith as the Mayfield-Smith Academy in Smithville (now Sedgewickville) in Bollinger County. It was governed by the St. Francois Baptist Association.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, the college was moved to the county seat at Marble Hill; the first building was completed in 1885. Historically known as the Administration Building, it was also used for classrooms, chapel and auditorium space. Significant additions designed by L. Baylor Pendleton were constructed in 1909 and 1924–25. The original section of this brick building is typical of two-story, four room educational buildings. The name of the school was changed in 1903 to Will Mayfield College in honor of William Henderson Mayfield&#39;s son, Will, who was a graduate of Mayfield-Smith Academy and who had died the previous year at the age of 20. The Arts and Science Building is a two-story brick building with raised basement has Classical Revival details and was constructed in 1924-1927 from plans by L. Baylor Pendleton.</p><br>
<p>Will Mayfield College permanently ceased operations in 1934 due to financial reasons. The Bollinger County Museum of Natural History is now operating on the grounds of the college. The Mayfield Cultural Center is housed in the original Administration Building and the attached chapel, with stage and balcony. The building is used as a visual and performing arts space and is also available for use as a banquet facility for weddings and special occasions. Both the museum and cultural center are projects of the Will Mayfield Heritage Foundation, a 501(c)3 non profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The Arts and Science Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The remainder of the campus was added in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The John Adams Birthplace is a historic house at 133 Franklin Street in Quincy, Massachusetts. It is the saltbox home in which Founding Father and second president of the United States, John Adams, was born in 1735. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now administered by the National Park Service as part of the Adams National Historical Park, and is open for guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and early history</h2><br>
<p>The house, a story wood-frame structure sheathed in wooden clapboards, is a classic New England home with two lower and two upper rooms built around a massive central chimney. Extensive alterations were made over the years, including the building of a lean-to in the 18th century that added two downstairs rooms and two small upper chambers. The main facade is three bays wide with the entry in the center. The doorway is framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature and triangular pediment.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the house sits was first owned by William Needham, who built a house on the property c. 1681. President John Adams refers to the fact that his father built the house in a letter to Benjamin Rush of July 19, 1812. The framing of the east side incorporates a number of reused timbers dating to the 1670s." John, the oldest son of Deacon John, was born in the east room on October 30 (October 19 O.S.), 1735.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>Upon the Deacons death in 1761, the house passed to his second son, Peter; the younger John received the house next door, where John Quincy Adams was born to John and Abigail Adams in 1767. Peter lived in the house with his mother until 1768, when he married. In 1774 he sold the house to his brother John, who rented it out after their mother died in 1780. In 1803 John sold both houses to his son, who lived in the house of his birth, and rented this one out. The house was occupied from 1810 to 1818 by John Quincy Adams son, Thomas Boylston Adams.</p><br>
<p>Both houses remained in Adams family ownership, and were rented out until 1885, when most of the surrounding farmland was sold off. After sitting vacant, Charles Francis Adams Jr. authorized the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution to use the house as meeting space. This they did until the chapter folded in 1950. The Adamses sold the house to the City of Quincy in 1940, which turned administration of the property over to the Quincy Historical Society (which had earlier taken over the adjacent house) in 1950. The two houses are now part of Adams National Historical Park, and are administered by the National Park Service. They are open for guided tours.</p><br>
<p>The John Quincy Adams Birthplace is a historic house at 141 Franklin Street in Quincy, Massachusetts. It is the saltbox home in which the sixth United States President, John Quincy Adams, was born in 1767. The family lived in this home during the time John Adams helped found the United States with his work on the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolutionary War. His own birthplace is only 75 ft away, on the same property.</p><br>
<p>Both houses are National Historic Landmarks, and part of Adams National Historical Park, operated by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Construction history</h2><br>
<p>The house is a story wood frame saltbox style house, sheathed in wooden clapboards. There are two main rooms, one on either side of a central chimney, on each of the two floors, and there are two further rooms in the lean-to section on the first floor. The main facade is three bays wide with the entry in the center. The doorway is framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature and triangular pediment. A similarly treated entrance is located at the southeast corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1717, with the rear lean-to added later. This house was purchased in 1744 by Deacon John Adams, and was probably enlarged by him, adding the rooms on the other side of the chimney. He gave the house to his son, the future second president, in 1761. The younger John Adams moved into the house in 1764; it was around this time that the lean-to was added, as well as the door trim and the secondary entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>John and Abigail Adams made the house their home until 1783, after which it was rented to tenants. John Quincy Adams purchased both this house and the neighboring birthplace of his father in 1803, and lived in this house from 1805 to 1807. The houses were rented to tenants until 1885, at which time much of the surrounding land was sold off. In 1895 Charles Francis Adams, Jr. authorized the Quincy Historical Society to use the house as its headquarters. The house was sold to the City of Quincy in 1940, which continued to rent it to the Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>On December 19, 1960, the birthplace was designated a National Historic Landmark. The border of the national historic landmark includes both houses and a park area. The two houses are now part of the Adams National Historical Park, and are operated by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The elder Adams&#39; later mansion, called Peacefield, is a few miles away, as are the graves of both presidents and their wives in the United First Parish Church. The Abigail Adams Cairn, atop a nearby hill from which Abigail and the 7-year old John Quincy Adams watched the Battle of Bunker Hill and the burning of Charlestown, is also of interest. All are open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The home was prominently portrayed during the first few episodes of John Adams, a 2008 American miniseries.</p><br>
<p>United First Parish Church is an American Unitarian Universalist congregation in Quincy, Massachusetts, established as the parish church of Quincy in 1639. The current building was constructed in 1828 by Boston stonecutter Abner Joy to designs by Alexander Parris. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970, for its association with the Adams family, who funded its construction and four members are buried there.</p><br>
<p>United First Parish Church is called the Church of the Presidents because two American Presidents, John Adams and John Quincy Adams, attended the church along with their wives, Abigail Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams. All four are buried beneath the church in a family crypt. Pew number 54, used by John Quincy Adams and his family, is marked with a plaque and ribbon on the side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation first gathered in 1636 as a branch of the church in Boston, becoming an independent church in 1639, known simply as "Ye Church of Braintry," because the whole area was then known as Braintree. It was a Puritan Congregationalist church when first established. In the mid-18th century it became Unitarian, and then Unitarian Universalist in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The 1828 church is constructed of locally quarried granite, and is one of the finest Greek Revival church buildings in New England. It has a Greek temple front, supported by four monolithic granite columns which may have been the largest set in the United States at the time. Each column is 25 ft tall and weighs an estimated 25 tons. Above the main facade rises a two-stage tower. Its lower section is oblong and unadorned, while the second stage is stepped back and square. It has clock faces on each side, and is topped by an open cupola with eight columns and a dome.</p><br>
<p>President John Adams financed the church&#39;s construction through a land donation, and the bulk of the granite comes from the Adams family quarry. However, the pillars are from another local quarry, as the Adams quarry was not deep enough for a full-height pillar. Its original bell was cast by Paul Revere, but was melted down and recast as it was not loud enough to serve as a fire alarm. The unusual domed ceiling represents a passion flower surrounded by lotuses. The fine mahogany altar is original.</p><br>
<h2>Adams&#39; gravesite</h2><br>
<p>Both John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams, together with their first ladies, Abigail Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams, are buried in a family vault in the church&#39;s basement. Only one other church in the United States contains a presidential tomb: the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., where the remains of President Woodrow Wilson and First Lady Edith Wilson are interred.</p><br>
<h2>Prison Book Program</h2><br>
<p>Since 2004, the United First Parish Church has hosted the Prison Book Program in the church basement. The origins of the PBP started in 1972, in the Red Book Store Collective in Cambridge, where it disseminated progressive literature, and advocated for the well being of prisoners. It was influential in creating a legal primer, and prison resource list that prisoners can request by letter, along with the other works of literature the PBP offers. The PBP is not associated with the UFPC and is a secular organization, however the UFPC supports the work the PBP does.</p><br>
<p>The Crystal Mill, or the Old Mill is an 1892 wooden powerhouse located on an outcrop above the Crystal River in Crystal, Colorado, United States. It is accessible from Marble, Colorado via four-wheel drive. Although called a Watermill, it is more correctly denoted as a compressor station, which used a water turbine to drive an air compressor, and was originally built with a horizontal wheel. The compressed air was then used to power other machinery or tools.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the mill is usually called the Crystal Mill or the Old Crystal Mill. Many decades ago, when the mill was still in use, it was called the Sheep Mountain Power House The site is referred to as a "mill" because there was a 3-stamp mill for crushing ore, in a building directly adjacent to the south of the surviving structure.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mill was constructed in 1893 by George C. Eaton and B.S. Phillips, promoters of the Sheep Mountain Tunnel and Mining Company. It was built as a power plant for the Sheep Mountain Tunnel. Originally it had a horizontal waterwheel that generated compressed air for miners in the nearby silver mines. It fell into disuse in 1917 when the Sheep Mountain Tunnel mine closed. The mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Josiah Quincy House, located at 20 Muirhead Street in the Wollaston neighborhood of Quincy, Massachusetts, was the country home of Revolutionary War soldier Colonel Josiah Quincy I, the first in a line of six men named Josiah Quincy that included three Boston mayors and a president of Harvard University.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Having inherited the land from father Edmund, Josiah built his mansion on a 200 acre farm called the "Lower Farm," which had been in the family since 1635. The house was built in 1770 and was originally surrounded by fields and pasture overlooking Quincy Bay. It is constructed with an unusual hipped monitor roof, the oldest known example of this roof style to survive from the original colonies, and includes a Chinese fretwork balustrade and classical portico. Its attic contains four small rooms for servants, one with a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, Quincy aided General George Washington by observing the British fleet in Boston Harbor from his attic windows. He scratched on a pane of glass in the attic, "October 10, 1775 Governor Gage saild for England with a fair wind." That glass pane has been preserved and now on view in the front hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, the house and some adjoining properties were sold to Frank E. Hall of Boston. In 1937, Edward R. Hall arranged for the Josiah Quincy House to become the property of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. The house is now owned by Historic New England, a non-profit historical organization, and is open only four Saturdays a year and by special appointment. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 for its architectural significance and for its association with the Quincy family.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Crane Public Library  is a city library in Quincy, Massachusetts. It is noted for its architecture. It was funded by the Crane family as a memorial to Thomas Crane, a wealthy stone contractor who got his start in the Quincy quarries. The Thomas Crane Library has the second largest municipal collection in Massachusetts after the Boston Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Crane Public Library was built in four stages: the original building (1882) by architect Henry Hobson Richardson; an additional ell with stack space and stained glass (1908) by William Martin Aiken in Richardsons style; a major expansion (1939) by architects Paul A. and Carroll Coletti, with stone carvings by sculptor Joseph Coletti of Quincy; and a recent addition (2001) by Boston architects Childs, Bertman, and Tseckares, which doubled the size of the library. H. H. Richardson considered this library among his most successful civic buildings, and Harpers Weekly called it "the best village library in the United States". The library was ranked 43rd in a national poll conducted in 2007 by the American Institute of Architects of the favorite buildings in the nation.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its architecture, the original building contains a 30 × 10 inch stained-glass window by noted American artist John LaFarge in memory of Thomas Crane, entitled the Old Philosopher. To the left of the elaborate carved fireplace is a second LaFarge window, "Angel at the Tomb", given in memory of Cranes son Benjamin Franklin Crane. The librarys grounds were designed by landscaper Frederick Law Olmsted.</p><br>
<p>The main library was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, recognizing it as one of Richardson&#39;s finest library buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Branches</h2><br>
<p>By 1910 there were two "reading rooms," one in the Atlantic neighborhood on Atlantic Street and one in West Quincy. By the 1920s the system had expanded to nine branches in all, adding ones near the Parker Elementary School and the Furnace Brook Parkway, and ones in the Squantum, South Quincy, Wollaston and Quincy Point neighborhoods. Municipal budget cutbacks in 1981 slashed the number to just three besides the main building: the Wollaston branch (1922), which is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places, the North Quincy branch (1963) on Hancock Street near North Quincy High School, and the Adams Shore branch (1970) on Sea Street in Hough&#39;s Neck.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>The library often hosts concerts, lectures and art exhibitions. There are also private rooms available for use free of charge to the public or to small community organizations. Also, the library hosts Quincy&#39;s local public-access television cable TV channel, QATV.</p><br>
<p>The William Cullen Bryant Homestead is the boyhood home and later summer residence of William Cullen Bryant , one of America&#39;s foremost poets and newspaper editors. The 155 acre estate is located at 205 Bryant Road in Cummington, Massachusetts, overlooks the Westfield River Valley and is currently operated by the non-profit Trustees of Reservations. It is open to the public on weekends in summer and early fall for tours with an admission fee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead was originally built in 1783 by Bryants grandfather, Ebenezer Snell. It is set on a hillside above the Westfield River valley with views of the Hampshire Hills. The early form of the house appears to have been a gambrel-roofed of 1.5 stories, with a single story ell attached to the rear. Bryants father, Peter Bryant, purchased the property in 1799, and it is in this place that Bryant spent much of his childhood and early life. The future poet moved in at age four and remained there until he was 22.</p><br>
<p>Bryant briefly attended Williams College but called his education there "meager and slight" and left after only seven months, returning to the family Homestead in May 1811. After private study, he was admitted to the bar in 1815 and practiced law in nearby Plainfield, Massachusetts. He would walk seven miles from home to work every day. It was on one of these commutes, in December 1815, that he saw a single bird flying on the horizon and was inspired to write his poem "To a Waterfowl".</p><br>
<p>The property was sold out of the family in 1835. Bryant bought back the family home in 1865 and renovated it extensively. He had the original building raised up, and built a whole new first floor underneath it. He also had added to the building a replica of his father&#39;s office, and later added a major addition to the northwest side of the house. Bryant was also responsible for planting the property with fruit trees.</p><br>
<p>Several of Bryant&#39;s poems are inspired by his time in Cummington, particularly in the landscape that surrounded it, including "Lines on Revisiting the Country", "The Rivulet", and "Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood".</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>The property remained owned by members of the Bryant family until 1929, when it was donated by the poet&#39;s granddaughter to The Trustees of Reservations.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding landscape has changed little since the early 1800s</p><br>
<p>Annually, about 7,000 people visit the site.</p><br>
<p>Appletons&#39; Bryant William Cullen Cummington house.jpg1900 drawing of the house</p><br>
<p>Bryant Barn.jpgBryant Barn</p><br>
<p>William Cullen Bryant in his study (at) Cummington - S. Hollyer. LCCN2013645199.jpgBryant in his study at the homestead</p><br>
<p>The Colonel John Ashley House is a historic house museum at 117 Cooper Hill Road in Sheffield, Massachusetts. Built in 1735 by a prominent local leader, it is one of the oldest houses in southern Berkshire County. The museum is owned and operated by The Trustees of Reservations, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ashley House stands in a rural area of central southern Sheffield, on the south side of Cooper Hill Road, west of the village of Ashley Falls. The house stands on 35 acre historically associated with it but is not on its original site, having been moved 3/10 of a mile in 1930 to improve its siting relative to the road and related outbuildings. The property is adjacent to Bartholomew&#39;s Cobble, a nature preserve also owned by The Trustees of Reservations.</p><br>
<p>The house is a -story wood-frame structure with a side-gable roof and central chimney. A -story cross-gabled ell extends to the rear, with a chimney. The exterior is finished with wooden clapboards. The main facade is five bays wide, with an elaborate central doorway surround. Pilasters rise to a wide entablature capped by a broken pediment.</p><br>
<p>The house is typical of early 18th-century rural American architecture, with furnishings and items dating from the 18th and early 19th centuries. It is open for tours on weekends from Memorial Day through Columbus Day.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1735 by John Ashley (1710-?), who moved to the area from Westfield. The house timbers were sawn using the first sawmill known to have been built in Berkshire County. Ashley was a leading citizen of the area, heading the local militia during the French and Indian War. In 1773, the Sheffield Declaration, a petition against British tyranny and manifesto for individual rights, was drafted in the upstairs study of the house.</p><br>
<p>By the American Revolutionary War, Ashley was too old to participate militarily, but he was instrumental in developing the iron industry in nearby Salisbury, Connecticut for the war effort.</p><br>
<p>In 1781, Elizabeth "Mum Bett" Freeman, a woman enslaved by the Ashley household, won her freedom under the new state constitution through a celebrated 1781 state court battle that marked the end of slavery in the state.</p><br>
<p>Arrowhead, also known as the Herman Melville House, is a historic house museum in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It was the home of American author Herman Melville during his most productive years, 1850–1863. Here, Melville wrote some of his major works: the novels Moby-Dick, Pierre , The Confidence-Man, and Israel Potter; The Piazza Tales ; and magazine stories such as "I and My Chimney".</p><br>
<p>The house, located at 780 Holmes Road in Pittsfield, was built in the 1780s as a farmhouse and inn. It was adjacent to a property owned by Melville&#39;s uncle Thomas, where Melville had developed an attachment to the area through repeated visits. He purchased the property in 1850 with borrowed money and spent the next twelve years farming and writing there. Financial considerations prompted his family&#39;s return to New York City in 1863, and Melville sold the property to his brother.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in private hands until 1975, when the Berkshire County Historical Society acquired the house and a portion of the original 160 acre property. The Society restored most of the house to Melville&#39;s period and operates it as a house museum; it is open to the public during warmer months. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and early history</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the oldest portions of the house known as Arrowhead took place in the 1780s. Built by Captain David Bush, the wood frame and clapboard house was apparently used as an inn. The Bush family sold the property to Pittsfield doctor John Brewster in 1844, who in 1850 sold the 160 acre property to the writer Herman Melville. The house at that time consisted of a simple rectangular structure with five window bays across and two deep, with a large central chimney. There is some evidence that the house may originally have had three stories, but at the time of the Melville purchase in 1850, it only had two and a half.</p><br>
<h2>Melville in Pittsfield</h2><br>
<p>Herman Melville was born in New York City in 1819. His maternal grandparents lived in Albany, New York, where his parents took their family in 1830 after a series of financial setbacks. His uncle Thomas Melvill owned property in Pittsfield that the family had visited a few times when Melville was younger. The first significant visit Melville made to his uncle was a brief one in August 1831. After his father died in January 1832, Melville&#39;s mother took the family to Pittsfield to escape an outbreak of cholera in July 1832. It is from the time of this brief stay that Melville&#39;s interest in the Berkshires developed. In 1837 he ran his uncle&#39;s farm while the latter traveled to Illinois to pursue business opportunities. According to Melville&#39;s cousin Priscilla, during this time his attachment to the area deepened considerably.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1850, Melville, his wife Lizzie, and their son Malcolm vacationed in Pittsfield. The visit to his uncle&#39;s farm was bittersweet, for his uncle had agreed to sell the property, and it would be the family&#39;s last visit there. On August 5, 1850, Melville met Nathaniel Hawthorne for the first time, having only recently read his short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse. The two were among several invited to a picnic on Monument Mountain south of Pittsfield with a group that also included Evert Augustus Duyckinck and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Melville and Hawthorne struck up an instant friendship. and transferred it to Melville&#39;s wife in 1860.</p><br>
<h2>Melville at Arrowhead</h2><br>
<p>Melville called his new home Arrowhead because of the arrowheads that were dug up around the property during planting season. New York publisher Evert Augustus Duyckinck wrote that its "grounds would satisfy an English nobleman—for the noble maples and elms and various seclusions and outlooks". In August 1850, he described his routine to Duyckinck:</p><br>
<p>It was at Arrowhead that Melville finished his novel Moby-Dick; though the work was not recognized during the author&#39;s lifetime, it has since become known as one of the greatest American literary masterpieces. Hawthorne&#39;s influence on Melville while writing the book is significant. Melville wrote a review of Mosses from an Old Manse, published by Duyckinck, and in it he believed that these stories revealed a dark side to Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten times black". Moby-Dick was dedicated to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne." Hawthorne, in turn, referenced Melville in his book A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys: "On the higher side of Pittsfield, sits Herman Melville, shaping out the gigantic conception of his &#39;White Wale&#39; while the gigantic shape of Graylock looms upon him from his study-window."</p><br>
<p>Melville incorporated domestic features of Arrowhead into several stories. The piazza (or porch), after which The Piazza Tales were named, was added to the north side of Arrowhead shortly after Melville purchased the property. Unlike the more typical Berkshires properties that located the porch facing south, Melville chose to face it toward Mount Greylock, to which he dedicated Pierre. Of the piazza he wrote:</p><br>
<p>In "I and My Chimney", published in Putnam&#39;s Monthly Magazine in 1856, he described Arrowhead&#39;s large chimney:</p><br>
<p>Melville lived, farmed, and wrote at Arrowhead for 13 years, receiving visitors including Hawthorne, Holmes, and Catharine Maria Sedgwick. Other well-known works that he wrote there include the novels Israel Potter and The Confidence-Man, and the stories "Bartleby, the Scrivener" and "Benito Cereno" (which were collected in The Piazza Tales). During that time, however, his writing was not providing him much income. In order to improve the family finances, the Melvilles moved into Pittsfield in 1862, and sold Arrowhead the following year to his brother Allan. The Melvilles then returned to New York City, where Herman eventually found work as a customs inspector.</p><br>
<h2>After Herman Melville</h2><br>
<p>Melville continued to visit Arrowhead occasionally during his brother&#39;s ownership of the property. Members of the Melville family owned the house until 1927. It remained in private hands until 1975, when the Berkshire County Historical Society purchased the house. In the years between Melville&#39;s ownership and the historical society acquisition, major portions of the property were sold off until only 14.2 acre remained, although a significant amount of it remains open land; the society later acquired another 30.7 acre. Owners after Herman Melville made substantial additions to the house, principally two ells. The piazza was removed in the 20th century, but a large window was added on the north side of the house to maintain the view of Mount Greylock. Arrowhead was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Historical Society, after acquiring the property, worked to restore it to the condition it was in Melville&#39;s time. Numerous interior alterations were undone, windows that had been changed were restored to their original size and configuration, and the piazza was restored. The Society also restored the upstairs study in which Melville did his writing to its original state.</p><br>
<p>Arrowhead is now a non-profit historic house museum operated by the Berkshire County Historical Society, which uses a portion of the house as office space. The remainder is open to the public for guided tours during the warmer months of the year. It is located at 780 Holmes Road, and is open from Memorial Day to Columbus Day.</p><br>
<p>Jacob&#39;s Pillow is a dance center, school and performance space located in Becket, Massachusetts, in the Berkshires. The facility itself was listed as a National Historic Landmark District in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of Jacobs Pillow in Becket, Massachusetts, was originally settled in 1790 by Jacob Carter III. Due to the zigzagging road leading to the hilltop property, it became known as "Jacobs Ladder", after the Biblical story, and a pillow-shaped rock on the property prompted the farm to acquire the name "Jacob&#39;s Pillow".</p><br>
<p>The farm was purchased in 1931 by modern dance pioneer Ted Shawn as a dance retreat. Shawn and his wife, Ruth St. Denis, led the highly regarded Denishawn Company, which popularized dance forms rooted in theatre and cultural traditions outside European ballet. They were influential in training a host of dance pioneers, including Martha Graham, Charles Weidman, Doris Humphrey, and Jack Cole.</p><br>
<p>Shawns objective was to establish a dance organization for American men. The early corps of his all-male company built many of the structures on the Jacobs Pillow campus. This effort came to an end in 1940 with the advent of American involvement in World War II; Shawn&#39;s company disbanded and most of its members joined the military.</p><br>
<p>Significant debt forced Shawn to consider a sale of the property. In 1940, he leased the property to dance teacher Mary Washington Ball, but her summer festival was also financially unsuccessful. British ballet stars Alicia Markova and Anton Dolin learned of Shawn&#39;s financial difficulties and decided to acquire the property. With financial backing and fundraising support from millionaire Reginald Wright, $50,000 was raised to purchase the property and construct a theatre building. The summer dance festival was revived, and Shawn was retained as its director until his death in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Jacobs Pillow property was declared a National Historic Landmark District by the federal government as "an exceptional cultural venue that holds value for all Americans". It is the only dance entity in the USA to receive this honor. In March 2011, Jacobs Pillow was named a recipient of the 2010 National Medal of Arts, a national award of distinction.</p><br>
<p>The Doris Duke Theatre, one of two indoor performance spaces, was destroyed in a fire on November 17, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Performances</h2><br>
<p>The Pillow presents international dance in many forms, styles, and traditions.</p><br>
<p>Pillow founder Ted Shawn was instrumental in beginning the careers of Martha Graham and Jack Cole, and the Pillow has continued this mentoring role in the careers of artists such as Alvin Ailey, José Limón, and Mark Morris. Companies such as Dance Theatre of Harlem, the Parsons Dance Company, and Trey McIntyre Project made their debuts at the Pillow, and international groups such as The Royal Danish Ballet, Nederlands Dans Theatre, Black Grace and Hofesh Shechter Company have made their USA debuts here. World premieres have been commissioned from choreographers such as Merce Cunningham and Paul Taylor, and artists such as Margot Fonteyn and Mikhail Baryshnikov have been showcased in works.</p><br>
<p>Performances at Jacob&#39;s Pillow take place in two venues. The Ted Shawn Theatre which was renovated in 2022 and included a new ventilation and air cooling system, the creation of an orchestra pit, enhanced accessibility for artists backstage and audience seating, increased stage depth, a new industry standard electrical system, expanded clearance height to 25 feet, a new indoor artist crossover, and a new lower level with flexible dressing rooms, wardrobe spaces, an elevator, and accessible ramp system, and a maintenance space.</p><br>
<p>The second venue is the outdoor Henry J. Leir Stage, which presents the Inside/Out Performance Series, free performances of established and emerging artists from all over the world in an informal, outdoor venue set against a panoramic vista of the Berkshire hills.</p><br>
<h2>Doris Duke Theatre</h2><br>
<p>The Doris Duke Theatre was built in 1990 as one of three main performance spaces on Jacobs Pillows 220-acre campus in Western Massachusetts. It was destroyed by fire on the morning of November 17, 2020, which was reported at around 7am EST.</p><br>
<p>In October 2023, the Pillow unveiled plans for the rebuilt Doris Duke Theatre, designed by Mecanoo, New York-based design firm Marvel, and Jeffrey Gibson. The new theatre will be twice as large as the old one and will feature a fire pit, a medicinal garden (both as nods to the Mohicans and other Native American tribes in the area), and a green roof that will collect rainwater and reduce noise during dance performances. The Pillow plans to turn the buildings rear area, often used as an informal gathering place, into an "artist quadrangle&quot the slope will be changed to accommodate performances, and the Pillow will add extra seating and large, decorative rocks along the quadrangles edges. In late 2024, the Pillow announced that the new theater would open on July 9, 2025.</p><br>
<h2>Community Programs</h2><br>
<p>Jacobs Pillow hosts several long-standing community programs, such as Jacobs Pillow Curriculum in Motion and the Curriculum in Motion Institute. The co-founders of Jacobs Pillow Curriculum in Motion are Pillow Artist-Educator Celeste Miller, and The Carole & Dan Burack Director of the School at Jacobs Pillow, "J.R." Glover.</p><br>
<h2>The School at Jacob&#39;s Pillow</h2><br>
<p>The School at Jacobs Pillow is based out of the Perles Family Studio and is a conservatory-style curriculum of five programs: Ballet, Contemporary Traditions, Cultural Traditions, Tap/Musical Theatre, and the Ann & Weston Hicks Choreography Fellows Program. The dancers schedule includes six days each week with four professional-level studio classes each day, coaching sessions, weekly performances for the public, master classes with Festival artists, talks led by Scholars-in-Residence, study assignments in the Pillow&#39;s Archives, and attendance at all Festival performances and events.</p><br>
<p>Faculty of The School at Jacob&#39;s Pillow have included Susan Jaffe, Amanda McKerrow, Chet Walker, Nikolaj Hubbe, Anna-Marie Holmes, Milton Myers, Katherine Dunham, Rennie Harris, Matt Mattox, Soledad Barrio, Tim Rushton, Finis Jhung, Martin Santangelo, Mercedes Ellington, Stephanie Saland, Victor Plotnikov, Annie-B Parson, Paul Lazar, Aszure Barton, Helen Pickett, Banu Ogan, Mr. Wiggles, Marjory Smarth, Dana Moore, and Ric Ryder.</p><br>
<p>Alumni of The School include MacArthur Grant-winner Meredith Monk, choreographer Mia Michaels, former Alvin Ailey Dance Theater and Paul Taylor Dance Company principal Linda Kent, artistic director of the Royal Danish Ballet Nikolaj Hübbe, recent winner of FOX&#39;s television show So You Think You Can Dance, Joshua Allen, and Robert Swinston of Merce Cunningham Dance Company.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>The core collections preserved in the archives at Jacobs Pillow were originally assembled by founder Ted Shawn. Materials have been added since the 1930s by volunteers from the Pillow Board and staff. In 1991, Jacobs Pillow created the position of Director of Preservation to direct the activities and maintenance of the Archives. The Archives have approximately 6,000 films and videos from 1894 to present, 45,000 historic dance photos and negatives, 313,000 pages of unique printed materials, 27 trunks of costumes dating from 1915, and 2,000 books. The Archives is one component of the Pillow&#39;s Preservation Program, which organizes exhibits exploring various aspects of dance, oversees issues concerning the National Historic Landmark site, and records the ongoing activities of the Festival.</p><br>
<p>The archives is internationally recognized as a major repository of dance materials. Access to the research facility is open to the public year-round by appointment and is available during the summer season from noon until the end of each performance, six days a week. The Archives collection is electronically catalogued, and much of it is accessible through the Pillow&#39;s website.</p><br>
<p>Blake&#39;s Barn is an 18th-century structure that was relocated and reconfigured specifically for preservation activity. This facility was donated by stage and screen dancer/actress Marge Champion and is named in honor of her late son. In addition to a central area for exhibits and lectures, the building houses a reading room with video stations providing access to the moving image collection. The lower level contains temperature-controlled storage areas and video production equipment.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, Jacobs Pillow launched Jacobs Pillow Dance Interactive, an online resource of video clips curated from the Archives in Becket. The archive features performances that have taken place at the festival from 1937 to 2010, including footage rarely seen. This user-friendly free resource allows the user to browse dance footage by artist, genre, and era. The Director of Preservation, Norton Owen, curates the collection. Each entry includes a video clip, an informative paragraph describing the dancer/choreographer, and an artist portrait.</p><br>
<p>The Opera Block was a historic building in Westville, Oklahoma. The brick building was built in 1911–1912. It was used for multiple purposes throughout its existence, serving commercial, government and entertainment functions. For a time it served as the Westville City Hall. The second floor was configured as an opera house and auditorium. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and was demolished in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut is the second oldest publicly funded park in the United States, after Boston Common, which was established in 1634, and converted to a park in the 1830’s. Bushnell Park was conceived by the Reverend Horace Bushnell in the mid-1850s at a time when the need for open public spaces was just starting to be recognized. Today the park comprises 50 acre of green space, and is visited by over one million people each year. Paths through the park contribute to the East Coast Greenway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hartford in the 1850s was a rapidly growing river town, doubling in population from 1850 to 1860. The city&#39;s economy was booming, driven by industries such as publishing, insurance, banking, munitions, manufacturing and river shipping. Like many American cities of the time, Hartford was enjoying the benefits of the Industrial Revolution. But along with this growth came some growing pains, including crime, crowded tenements, poverty, poor sanitation, polluted water and air. It was in this context that Bushnell presented an idea that had not been suggested in any other American city: the creation of a public park, financed entirely by public funds.</p><br>
<p>Initial public reaction was skeptical. Hard-nosed business leaders were opposed to removing taxable property from the tax rolls. Furthermore, it was hard to imagine a less likely place for a green, peaceful park than Bushnells proposed site, which was home to two leather tanneries, a soapworks, pigsties and other livestock–even a garbage dump. A railroad spur ran through it and the smelly Park River, polluted with the citys industrial waste, ran alongside it. Crowded tenements lined both banks of the river, with their outhouses in the back emptying directly into the sluggish current. Even Rev. Bushnell described it as “hell without the fire.”</p><br>
<p>However, after hearing Dr. Bushnell&#39;s presentation in October 1853, the Hartford City Council voted unanimously in November to spend public funds to buy the land that was to become Bushnell Park. Hartford voters approved the expenditure on Jan. 5, 1854, by a vote of 1,687 to 683, making it the first municipal park in the nation to be conceived, built and paid for by citizens through a popular vote.</p><br>
<p>But six years later the park still had not taken shape. Reverend Bushnell asked his good friend and Hartford native, Frederick Law Olmsted, to design the layout of the park. Olmsted, however, was occupied at the time with the double-duty of designing of New York Citys Central Park and Springfield, Massachusetts Forest Park, and thus declined the offer. Olmsted recommended Jacob Weidenmann, a Swiss-born landscape architect and botanist. Weidenmann&#39;s plan for the park included graceful paths and clusters of trees that shielded strollers from the sounds of the city, and enhanced the presence of the Park River which flowed through the park.</p><br>
<p>Later additions to the park include: the statue of Israel Putnam in 1874, sculpted by John Quincy Adams Ward; the statue of Horace Wells in 1875, sculpted by Truman Howe Bartlett; the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch, designed by George Keller in 1886 to commemorate those who fought in the American Civil War; the Corning Fountain in 1899, with sculpture by J. Massey Rhind; the 1914 carousel in 1974 (with a Wurlitzer #153 Band Organ providing the music); and the performance pavilion in 1995.</p><br>
<p>As a result of seasonal flooding and pollution, and especially after damage from the great flood of 1936, the Park River was buried in underground conduits, and a main feature of the park was lost. A pond was later added to return a water feature to the park. Since 2017, the Bushnell Park Pond has been home to Horace, a territorial Great Blue Heron, lovingly named by the local 06103 community to commemorate both Horace Wells, and Horace Bushnell.</p><br>
<p>Today Bushnell Park is a focal point in downtown Hartford, and it is the site of several festivals and music events each year.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>St. Bartholomews Church, commonly called St. Barts, is a historic Episcopal parish founded in January 1835, and located on the east side of Park Avenue between 50th and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, in New York City. In 2018, the church celebrated the centennial of its first service in its Park Avenue home.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, it reported 2,196 members, average attendance of 386, and $2,791,353 in plate and pledge income.</p><br>
<p>On October 31, 2016, the St. Bartholomew&#39;s Church and Community House complex was designated a National Historic Landmark, for its significance as an important example of early 20th-century ecclesiastical architecture designed by Bertram Goodhue.</p><br>
<h2>Former structures</h2><br>
<p>The congregation&#39;s first location was opened for service in January 1835, in a plain church at the corner of Great Jones Street and fashionable Lafayette Place.</p><br>
<p>The second location, built from 1872 to 1876 was designed by James Renwick, the architect of St. Patricks Cathedral, in the Lombardic style. The magnificent bronze doors, with bas-reliefs in panels depicting episodes from the Old and New Testaments, were carried out by some of New Yorks established sculptors: Andrew O&#39;Connor, working freely under the general direction of Daniel Chester French, executed the main door; the south door was executed by Herbert Adams, the north door by Philip Martiny.</p><br>
<h2>Present structure</h2><br>
<p>The current church was erected in 1916–17. The original freely handled and simplified Byzantine Revival design by Bertram Goodhue was called "a jewel in a monumental setting" by Christine Smith in 1988. Goodhue modified his design in response to the requirement that the old church portal, beloved by the parishioners, be preserved, with its bronze doors, from the Madison Avenue building and re-erected on the new site.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of Goodhues original design, a vast, unified barrel-vaulted space, without side aisles or chapels and with severely reduced transepts, was laid May 1, 1917 and the construction was sufficiently far along for the church to be consecrated in 1918; its design was altered during construction, after Goodhues sudden, unexpected death in 1924, by his office associates, in partnership as Mayers, Murray and Philips; they were engaged in erecting the community house, continuing with the same materials, subtly variegated salmon and cream-colored bricks and creamy Indiana limestone; they designed the terrace that still provides the equivalent of a small square, surrounded by the cliff-like facades of Midtown commercial structures; in summer, supplied with umbrellas and tables, it becomes the outside dining area for the restaurant, Inside Park. They also inserted the "much discussed" dome, tile-patterned on the exterior and with a polychrome Hispano-Moresque interior dome, which substituted for the spire that had been planned but never built. Completed in 1930, the church contains stained-glass windows and mosaics by Hildreth Meiere, and a marble baptismal font by the Danish follower of Canova, Bertel Thorvaldsen. St. Bartholomew&#39;s was completed at a cost of $5.4 million.</p><br>
<p>The church is known for a wide range of programs. It draws parishioners from all areas of New York City and surroundings. It is the final resting place for actresses Lillian Gish (1893–1993), Dorothy Gish (1898–1968), and their mother Mary Gish (1876–1948).</p><br>
<h3>Landmark status</h3><br>
<p>Saint Bartholomews Church and Community House was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967, a move opposed at the time by the rector and vestry. Beginning in 1981, St. Bartholomews found itself the subject of a much-publicized case concerning air rights in the highly-competitive New York real estate market clashing with historical preservation. Some of the members of the parish wanted to replace the community house and open terrace with a high-rise commercial structure that would re-capitalize the parish&#39;s depleted funds. Following a series of public hearings, the Landmarks Preservation Commission turned down the plans for a high-rise office building. The church unsuccessfully argued before the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Manhattan that the Landmark designation violated their constitutional rights. That decision was appealed to the USA Supreme Court, which eventually resolved the matter in favor of the Landmarks Commission in 1991 by declining to hear the appeal.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, with the parishs support, the St Bartholomews Preservation Foundation was established. After a two-year fund drive, restoration of the St. Bartholomews site began. Leaking roof drains were made watertight, the iconic dome was temporarily secured, and the Great Terrace and 50th Street wall were rebuilt. "Inside Park," the sites popular restaurant, also opened in 1992. In 2012, the wholly independent St. Bartholomews Conservancy replaced the St. Bartholomews Preservation Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Landmarks Committee of the National Park Service Advisory Board unanimously recommended that the St. Bartholomews site be designated a National Historic Landmark, citing its importance as an exceptional work of architecture and art. On November 2, 2016, St. Bartholomews Church and Community House were designated a National Historic Landmark. Restoration of the church&#39;s iconic dome was completed in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>One of the churchs former choir-directors was the famous conductor Leopold Stokowski, who was brought from the United Kingdom by St. Barts; he was followed by the organist-choirmaster David McKinley Williams. St. Bartholomews is noted for its Skinner Organ Company pipe organ, the largest in New York and among the largest in the world. It was dedicated in a concert December 9, 1930, in a concert given by Williams. Another of the churchs music directors was Harold Friedell, the well-known composer and Juilliard educator. The church&#39;s renowned choir has maintained its distinction under the direction of conductors such as organist-music director Jack Ossewaarde, William Trafka and James Litton. The Chorister Program has also had success in bringing together children ages 6–18 to sing in the church, and has been featured on shows such as The Today Show and Good Morning America.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 1981 movie Arthur, Arthurs (Dudley Moore) wedding with Susan Johnson (Jill Eikenberry) was to take place at St. Barts. The infamous wedding scene in the remake of the same film was also filmed at St. Bart&#39;s in July 2010.</p><br>
<p>In the 1995 movie It Takes Two, the wedding of Roger Callaway (Steve Guttenberg) during the films climax is at St. Bartholomews.</p><br>
<p>In the 2010 film Salt, the Russian President is supposedly killed in the church while delivering a eulogy at the funeral of the late American Vice President.</p><br>
<p>In the television series Mad Men, Margaret Sterling, the daughter of Roger Sterling, plans to marry in the church.</p><br>
<p>In the television series Everything&#39;s Gonna Be Okay, Matilda, Genevieve, and Nicholas visit the church during their visit to New York.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Johnson National Historic Site is a National Historic Site in Greeneville, Tennessee, maintained by the National Park Service. It was established to honor Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, who became president after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. The site includes two of Johnson&#39;s homes, his tailor shop, and his grave site within the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also includes the interments of Johnson&#39;s wife, Eliza McCardle Johnson, and son Colonel Robert Johnson. David T. Patterson, a United States Senator from Tennessee, and his son Andrew J. Patterson, who was instrumental in securing historic designation for the Greeneville properties associated with Andrew Johnson, were among others buried in the cemetery. The site was authorized by Congress as a USA National Monument in 1935, established on April 27, 1942, and redesignated a National Historic Site on December 11, 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the site totals 16 acres in area, and has three separate units. These units are the Andrew Johnson Visitor Complex, the Andrew Johnson Homestead, and the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery. Visitors receive a copy of the admission ticket to Johnson&#39;s impeachment hearings; every year on May 26, visitors vote on whether or not Johnson should have been removed from office.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Johnson Visitor Complex consists of the visitor center, the museum, and Andrew Johnsons tailor shop. The visitor center shows a 13.5 minute film about Johnson and his time in Greeneville. The one-story/one room tailor shop remains much as it was in Andrew Johnsons day. It is surrounded by a memorial building built by the state of Tennessee in 1923 to prevent wear and tear upon the tailor shop.</p><br>
<p>For kids, they can become Junior Rangers by completing a small activity book.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Johnson&#39;s first Greeneville home is located across the Street from the visitor complex.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Johnson Homestead is maintained to look as it did when Andrew Johnson and his wife lived in the domicile from 1869 to 1875. Johnson had purchased the home in 1851. During the war years, the house was occupied by soldiers. It required renovations when the family returned to the house after Johnson&#39;s leaving the presidency in 1869. It is a Greek Revival two-story brick house.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Johnson National Cemetery was established in 1906. Andrew Johnson owned 23 acres outside Greeneville on Signal Hill. Upon his death in 1875, Johnson was buried on the property. On June 5, 1878, the city erected a 28 ft-tall marble statue in his honor by Johnsons grave. The monument was considered so dominant that the hills name was changed to "Monument Hill". Johnsons daughter Martha Johnson Patterson, who inherited the property, willed on September 2, 1898, that the land become a park. She further pushed in 1900 to make the site a national cemetery, so that instead of the Johnson familys maintaining it, the federal government would. The United States Congress chose to make the site a National Cemetery in 1906, and by 1908 the United States War Department took control of it. On May 23, 1942, control of the cemetery was shifted to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building houses the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. The building serves as the official workplace of the chief justice of the United States and the eight associate justices of the Supreme Court. It is located at 1 First Street in Northeast Washington, D.C. It is one block immediately east of the United States Capitol and north of the Library of Congress. The building is managed by the Architect of the Capitol. On May 4, 1987, the Supreme Court Building was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Designed in the neoclassical style, the proposal for a separate building for the Supreme Court was suggested in 1912 by President William Howard Taft, who became Chief Justice in 1921. In 1929, Taft successfully argued for the creation of the new building but did not live to see it built.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Before the establishment of Washington, D.C., as the national capital, the United States government was briefly based in New York City, where the Supreme Court met in the Merchants Exchange Building. When the capital moved to Philadelphia, the Court moved with it and began meeting in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall at 5th and Chestnut streets from 1791 until 1800.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>After the federal government moved to Washington, D.C., in 1800, the court had no permanent meeting location until 1810. When the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe had the second USA Senate chamber built directly on top of the first USA Senate chamber, the Supreme Court took up residence in what is now referred to as the Old Supreme Court Chamber from 1810 through 1860. It remained in the USA Capitol until 1935, except for a period from 1814 to 1819, during which the Court was absent from Washington, D.C., following the destruction of the Capitol by the British during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>As the Senate expanded, it progressively outgrew its quarters. In 1860, after the new wings of the Capitol for the Senate and the House of Representatives had been completed, the Supreme Court moved to the Old Senate Chamber (as it is now known) where it remained until its move to the current Supreme Court building.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>President William Howard Taft proposed a new Supreme Court building in 1912. After becoming Chief Justice in 1921 The court was finally designed by architect Cass Gilbert, who was a friend to Taft. The building was completed by his son Cass Gilbert Jr. following the elder Gilberts death in 1934. From 1860 to 1935, the Supreme Court justices were designated to conduct their work within the cramped space of the Old Senate Chamber alongside other federal government employees. This environment discouraged the justices from traveling to Washington, so they conducted most of their work from their homes. Before the Supreme Court building was approved, Charles Evans Hughes, who had been an associate justice from 1910 to 1916, was vocally outspoken about the poor conditions of the justices working environment and described the Old Senate Chamber as small, overheated, and barren.</p><br>
<p>Through the rigorous lobbying efforts of Chief Justice Taft, he was able to secure the funding needed from Congress for a Supreme Court building in 1929. as well as the drastic differences in his working environment from when he served as President of the United States to when he served as Chief Justice. Taft envisioned the judicial branch of government to embody a persona of independence, and therefore saw the Supreme Court building as a means of establishing his vision. The Supreme Court building would not have been completed without the further commitment of Charles Evans Hughes, who succeeded Taft as Chief Justice in 1930.</p><br>
<h3>Opposition</h3><br>
<p>Chief Justice Edward Douglass White, nominated by Taft in 1910, and later succeeded by him in 1921, was part of the initial resistance to the idea of a Supreme Court building. He argued that the Supreme Court obtained its relevance because of its location within the Capitol.</p><br>
<p>Justices Harlan Fiske Stone and Louis Brandeis did not move into the new Supreme Court Building during their service on the court. Brandeis believed that Taft&#39;s intentions behind the new building represented a conflict between the judicial branch and the executive and legislative branches of government. This is primarily because the justices that did not favor the new Supreme Court Building were eventually replaced by new justices who were unfamiliar with working from home.</p><br>
<p>The main opposition to the creation of the Supreme Court building was in Congress, particularly during Tafts tenure as Chief Justice. Taft faced opposition from senators in Congress, such as Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, who threatened to replace Taft if he continued to protest his working conditions. In 1927, Taft noticed that out of ninety-six total senators at the time, only one urgently supported Tafts lobbying efforts; but only because this senator wanted the space the justices occupied at that time for the Senate.</p><br>
<h2>Building features</h2><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building is located at 1 First Street, NE, on the site of the former Old Capitol Prison, across the street from the United States Capitol. The building was designed by architect Cass Gilbert, and was Gilberts last major project; he died before it was completed. Gilbert was a long-time friend of William Howard Taft and was employed for several years by McKim, Mead, and White, then regarded as the largest architectural firm in the world. Chief Justice Taft personally appointed Gilbert for the architectural planning and construction of the Supreme Court building. Gilbert was not particularly concerned with the function of the Supreme Court building for the Supreme Court Justices; however, the respect Gilbert had for Chief Justice Taft compelled him to design the building as a testament to his friends honor. Gilbert&#39;s architectural imagination resulted in a Greek-styled temple which was intended to communicate the inherent royalty of law.</p><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building is in the Neoclassical style and rises four stories above ground. The cornerstone was laid on October 13, 1932, and construction was completed in 1935 for slightly under the $9,740,000 budget authorized by Congress ($ in dollars). "The building was designed on a scale in keeping with the importance and dignity of the Court and the Judiciary as a coequal, independent branch of the United States Government, and as a symbol of &#39;the national ideal of justice in the highest sphere of activity."</p><br>
<p>Most of the interior spaces are lined with Alabama marble, except for the Courtroom itself, which is lined with Spanish ivory vein marble. For the Courtroom&#39;s 24 columns, "Gilbert felt that only the ivory buff and golden marble from the Montarrenti quarries near Siena, Italy" would suffice. In May 1933, he petitioned the Italian Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini, "to ask his assistance in guaranteeing that the Siena quarries sent nothing inferior to the official sample marble".</p><br>
<p>Not all the justices were thrilled by the new arrangements, the courtroom in particular. Harlan Fiske Stone complained it was "almost bombastically pretentious... Wholly inappropriate for a quiet group of old boys such as the Supreme Court". Another justice observed that he felt the court would be "nine black beetles in the Temple of Karnak", while another complained that such pomp and ceremony suggested the justices ought to enter the courtroom riding on elephants. The New Yorker columnist Howard Brubaker noted at the time of its opening that it had "fine big windows to throw the New Deal out of".</p><br>
<p>The west façade of the building bears the motto "Equal Justice Under Law", while the east façade bears the motto "Justice, the Guardian of Liberty". On November 28, 2005, a basketball-sized chunk of marble weighing approximately fell four stories from the west façade onto the steps of the Court; it had previously been part of the parapet above the word "under" in the "Equal Justice Under Law" engraving immediately above the figure of a Roman centurion carrying fasces. After the incident, planning was initiated to repair the west façade, which included cleaning, removal of debris, and restoration. In 2012, scaffolding encased the west façade printed with a full-size photograph of the façade. The project was completed in 2013.</p><br>
<h3>Floor by floor</h3><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building includes:</p><br>
<p>The basement, which houses maintenance facilities, garage, and the on-site mailroom</p><br>
<p>The first floor, which includes the public information office, the clerk&#39;s office, the publications unit, exhibit halls, the cafeteria, the gift shop, and administrative offices</p><br>
<p>The second floor, which includes the Great Hall, the courtroom, the conference room, and all of the justices&#39; chambers except Justice Sotomayor.</p><br>
<p>The third floor includes the office of Justice Sotomayor, the office of the Reporter of Decisions, the legal office, the offices of the law clerk, and the justices&#39; dining room and reference library</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor includes the USA Supreme Court Library</p><br>
<p>The fifth floor includes the USA Supreme Court gym, which includes a basketball court named the "Highest Court in the Land".</p><br>
<p>Originally built as a storage area, the gym was converted for its current function in the late 1940s, although who is responsible for the transformation is not known. It may have been built at the suggestion of Cass Gilbert Jr., who took over many of his fathers projects after he died. Among the justices known for their on-court prowess was Justice Byron White who, as the runner-up for the 1937 Heisman Trophy and former National Football League player, is considered to be the Supreme Courts preeminent sportsman. Supreme Court clerks who have played include Fox News commentator Laura Ingraham, and current Supreme Court Justices Elena Kagan and Brett Kavanaugh. Near the entrance to the gym is a sign that reads: "Playing basketball and weightlifting are prohibited while the court is in session". The Atlantic Terra Cotta Company of Perth Amboy, New Jersey created the terra cotta roof for the building. The Supreme Court Building maintains its own police force, the Supreme Court Police. Separate from the Capitol Police, the force was created in 1935 to protect the building and its personnel.</p><br>
<h2>Sculptural program</h2><br>
<p>Cass Gilbert&#39;s design for the building and its environs featured an ambitious Beaux-Arts-styled sculptural program including a large number and variety of both real and allegorical figures</p><br>
<p>Supreme Court flagpole bases, and oversized bronze doors in the east and west façades, measure 17 feet high, 9 ½ feet wide, and weigh 13 tons. The doors were designed by Gilbert and John Donnelly Sr. (1867–1947) and sculpted by his son, John Donnelly Jr. (1903–1970). Each door consists of four bas-reliefs illustrating events in the evolution of western justice.</p><br>
<p>East pediment: Justice, the Guardian of Liberty by Hermon Atkins MacNeil</p><br>
<p>West pediment: Equal Justice Under Law by Robert Ingersoll Aitken. This work includes a portrait of Cass Gilbert, third from the left in the pediment. It also contains a self-portrait of Robert Ingersoll Aitken third from the right.</p><br>
<p>Statues: The Authority of Law (south side) and The Contemplation of Justice (north side) by James Earle Fraser, which is based on the Roman goddess Justitia.</p><br>
<p>Great Hall: Busts of each of the Chief Justices of the United States in alcoves on either side of the Hall. These marble works are periodically appropriated by the Congress. The most recent addition was Chief Justice William Rehnquist&#39;s bust in December 2009 to the far end of the north side of the Hall, just to the left of the Courtroom doors.</p><br>
<p>Courtroom friezes: The South Wall Frieze includes figures of lawgivers from the ancient world and includes Menes, Hammurabi, Moses, Solomon, Lycurgus, Solon, Draco, Confucius, and Augustus. The North Wall Frieze shows lawgivers from the Middle Ages on and includes representations of Justinian, Muhammad, Charlemagne, John, King of England, Louis IX of France, Hugo Grotius, Sir William Blackstone, John Marshall, and Napoleon. The Moses frieze depicts him holding the Ten Commandments, although only commandments six through ten, usually considered the more secular commands, are visible. In 1997, the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) asked for the image of Muhammad to be removed from the marble frieze of the façade. While appreciating that Muhammad was included in the court&#39;s pantheon of 18 prominent lawgivers of history, CAIR noted that Islam discourages depictions of Muhammad in any artistic representation. CAIR also objected that Muhammad was shown with a sword, which they claimed reinforced stereotypes of Muslims as intolerant conquerors. Chief Justice William Rehnquist rejected the request to sandblast Muhammad, saying the artwork "was intended only to recognize him, among many other lawgivers, as an important figure in the history of law; it is not intended as a form of idol worship". The court later added a footnote to tourist materials, calling it "a well-intentioned attempt by the sculptor to honor Muhammad".</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>On May 3, 2010, citing security concerns and as part of the building&#39;s modernization project, the Supreme Court announced that the public (including parties to the cases being argued, the attorneys who represent them, and visitors to Oral arguments or the building) would no longer be allowed to enter the building through the main door on top of the steps on the west side. Visitors must now enter through ground-level doors located at the plaza, leading to a reinforced area for security screening. The main doors at the top of the steps may still be used to exit the building. Calling the decision "dispiriting", he said he was not aware of any Supreme Court in the world that had closed its main entrance to the public.</p><br>
<p>All visitors to the Court must pass through metal detectors and have their belongings X-rayed. Cameras are permitted in the building, but no recording devices of any kind, audio or visual, are ever permitted in the Courtroom. When the Court is not in session, visitors can walk through the Great Hall and public areas on the ground floor, including the cafeteria and a small movie theater presenting a documentary of the Court, and guided lectures are periodically given in the Courtroom, which is not otherwise accessible. The schedule for the lectures can be confirmed on the Court&#39;s website the day before a visit. The line for these tours forms in a designated area to the side of the Courtroom doors.</p><br>
<p>When the Court is in session, the Great Hall is not open to the public, except for those attending Court. The arguments are typically held in two-week cycles of a 10 am and 11 am argument on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays. Depending on the significance of the case and the time of year (winter arguments are less popular), visitors should arrive at the Court anywhere from two hours in advance to, in extremely controversial cases, the night before. At some point in the morning, which is not predetermined, the Supreme Court Police Officers distribute numbered tickets. These serve as placeholders only and are not a guarantee of admission. Visitors who have tickets may leave the area and return at the appointed time to line up in numerical order, usually one hour before the argument. At this time, there usually are several hundred persons waiting outside the Court, most of whom are not able to observe either argument. The Courtroom has seating for some 250 public visitors, but there are almost always large groups of students or officials that reduce the number of available seats. Visitors who are admitted to observe the first argument generally stay for the second argument, resulting in only a small number of total seats available for the second argument. Just before the first argument, the officers divide the crowd into two lines: one is for those waiting with tickets to observe the entire argument, while the other is to observe five minutes of the argument while standing in the back of the Courtroom. Both lines remain in place during the first argument. Visitors must stand when the justices enter and leave, and remain silent. Drowsy, noisy, or otherwise disruptive visitors are promptly removed by plainclothes officers.</p><br>
<p>Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom, the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns.</p><br>
<p>The Dumbarton Bridge, also known as the Q Street Bridge and the Buffalo Bridge, is a historic masonry arch bridge in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Dumbarton Bridge was built between 1914 and 1915 to convey Q Street Northwest across Rock Creek Park between the city&#39;s Dupont Circle and Georgetown neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Proposals</h3><br>
<p>Around 1905, the residents of Georgetown wanted to reduce traffic to Washington along M Street. One frequently proposed idea was to divert the water of Rock Creek through a tunnel under current-day 27th Street NW, then fill in Rock Creeks beds, and extend Georgetowns streets to Washington. The cost of diverting and filling in the creek was estimated to be $4.5 million. Estimates to build the bridge ranged from $150,000 to $200,000,</p><br>
<p>Another idea was to move the Woodley Lane Bridge to the Q Street location rather than build a new bridge altogether. Engineers determined that the cost to move the Woodley Lane bridge would be too great and the Woodley Lane Bridge would not be available to be moved until its replacement, the Connecticut Avenue Bridge, was completed.</p><br>
<p>Legislation to fund the bridge&#39;s construction was introduced to Congress in December 1910, and Congress approved it two months later. Congress appropriated $275,000 to build the bridge and $75,000 to condemn property,</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The bridge&#39;s design was by Glenn Brown, and the engineering design was by Daniel B. Luten.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is significant as showing the impact of the City Beautiful movement in Washington and the association of architects, engineers and sculptors with the citys new Commission of Fine Arts. The architects studied photographs of bridges around the world choosing as models a Roman aqueduct and a mountain bridge in Italy with intent to set a precedent for further city bridges. The color of the bridges stone was intended to evoke the warm tones of Spain and Italy. Along with the buffalo theme the arches are decorated by Indian head designs by Glenn Brown based on a life mask of the Sioux Chief Kicking Bear in the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<p>The curved design is due to need to match the section of Q Street NW in Dupont Circle that is slightly north of the section in Georgetown. In order to accommodate the bridge&#39;s approach and to keep the street continuous within Georgetown the Dumbarton House, then known as Bellevue, was moved about 100 ft northward from its original site in the middle of the current Q Street to its present position on the north side of the Street.</p><br>
<p>The District requested bids to construct the bridge in June 1913, but none of the four bids were within the appropriated budget.</p><br>
<p>The plans were modified so that there would only be five spans rather than seven in order to save costs. The project went out to bid again in November. A.L. Guidone won the construction bid.</p><br>
<p>Its four buffalo sculptures, the largest cast in a single piece of bronze, are by Alexander Phimister Proctor, who also designed the on the Sixteenth Street Bridge. The budget to build the bridge was set at $275,000.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the bridge began on March 14, 1914.</p><br>
<h3>Opening</h3><br>
<p>The bridge was officially opened at 4 p.m. on December 24, 1915. It was then known as the Q Street Bridge. The bridge was lit by incandescent lamps.</p><br>
<p>The Commissioners of the District of Columbia officially gave it the name of Dumbarton Bridge on June 5, 1916. According to the Commissioners&#39; written statement, "Dumbarton bridge commemorates the name of the tract of land upon which was laid out the easterly part of Georgetown, and to which Ninian Beall received letters patent from the British crown."</p><br>
<p>The Dumbarton Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Crapo Park  is a city park with arboretum and botanical garden, alongside the Mississippi River at Parkway Drive, Burlington, Iowa. Those who are not familiar with the park often mispronounce it as "crap-oh" Park, with the correct pronunciation being Park.</p><br>
<p>It is reputed to be the site where the American flag was first raised on Iowa&#39;s soil, by Zebulon Pike in 1805.</p><br>
<p>The park includes an arboretum containing more than 200 varieties of trees and shrubs, as well as botanical gardens of annuals and perennials. As of 2003, the following park trees were on Iowa&#39;s statewide "Big Tree" list: Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica), black hickory (Carya glabra), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), and black walnut (Juglans nigra).</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The park was established in 1895 by Philip Crapo, a local businessman and philanthropist, in time for the Iowa semi-centennial (1896), with landscape engineering by Earnshaw and Punshon of Cincinnati, Ohio. The park includes walking paths and four shelters, as well as Lake Starker (constructed 1905, 1.5 acre, 0.6 hectares), the Hawkeye Natives Log Cabin (replica constructed 1910), Zebulon Pike Memorial, and Foehlinger Fountain. It also includes the Black Hawk Spring and Cave, commemorating Chief Black Hawk. One can crawl for more than a hundred feet through a rock tube before the passage gets too small. A cold spring runs through the cave as well. The neighboring Dankwardt Park is popular with frisbee-golf enthusiasts.</p><br>
<p>One of the primary downsides of the park is the narrow roads that wind through it, the road width, and the brick drainages on either side, which taper rather sharply, can sometimes be a hazard, especially when a driver gets his tires stuck in the drainages.</p><br>
<p>The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Main Street was blocked off while crews attempted to repair or replace the aging 150-year-old Cascade Bridge, which leads to the park; As of November, 2020, the bridge remains closed.</p><br>
<p>Black Point is an estate on the south shore of Geneva Lake in Wisconsin, United States, built in 1888 as a summer home by Conrad Seipp, a beer tycoon from Chicago. It has also been known as Conrad and Catherine Seipp Summer House and as Die Loreley</p><br>
<p>The Queen Anne style mansion features a nautical-themed, four-story, "crow&#39;s nest" observation tower, which can be seen from many points on the lake; the property also features post-civil war-era furniture.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Adolph Cudell. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The state of Wisconsin owns the property and leases it to the Black Point Historic Preserve, a nonprofit organization which manages the property for public tours, which began in June 2007.</p><br>
<p>The estate and its grounds, including 620 feet of shoreline, are protected from future development by a conservation easement co-held by the Geneva Lake Conservancy, a local not-for-profit conservation organization, and the Preserve.</p><br>
<p>Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site is a 9.65 acre United States National Historic Site located southwest of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, within the municipality of Grantwood Village, Missouri. The site, also known as White Haven, commemorates the life, military career and presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Five historic structures are preserved at the site, including the childhood home of Ulysses&#39; wife, Julia Dent Grant.</p><br>
<p>White Haven was an 850-acre plantation worked by enslaved people; Grant supervised their forced labor from 1854 to 1859.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After his marriage to Julia, Grant was stationed in Michigan and New York. Julia traveled with him to these posts, returning to White Haven in 1850 for the birth of their first child, Fred. When Ulysses was sent west in 1852, Julia was not able to go with him, being pregnant with their second child. She returned to her parents home after stopping at Ulysses parents home in Ohio, where Ulysses Jr., was born. Grants army pay was insufficient to bring his family out to the West Coast, and he tried several business ventures to supplement his income. Suffering from depression and loneliness after being separated for two years, Grant finally resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to White Haven.</p><br>
<p>Grant farmed the White Haven property for his father-in-law, working with the slaves owned by Julias father. Two more children were born, Ellen, born on July 4, 1855, and Jesse, in February 1858. Due to a financial panic in 1857, along with bad weather that destroyed many farmers crops, Ulysses worked for a short time in the city of St. Louis in real estate and as an engineer. In 1860, Ulysses, Julia, and their four children moved to Galena, Illinois. Ulysses worked with his brothers selling leather goods made in their father&#39;s tannery.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery at White Haven</h3><br>
<p>A large number of enslaved people lived and worked at White Haven. According to the National Park Service, during the 1850s slave labor "was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850-acre plantation." From 1854 to 1859, Grant lived here with his wife, Julia, and their children, managing the farm for his father-in-law, Colonel Dent. His experience running this may have influenced him in his later roles as the Union general in the Civil War and as President of the United States.</p><br>
<h3>The setting</h3><br>
<p>Most slaveholders in Missouri enslaved few people; those who owned ten were considered wealthy. In the southeastern Bootheel area and along the fertile Missouri River valley known as "little Dixie," large, single-crop plantations predominated, with an intensive use of enslaved labor. Elsewhere in the state, large farms produced a variety of staples, including hemp, wheat, oats, hay, and corn. On many of these estates the owner worked alongside his slaves to harvest the greatest economic benefit from the land. This forced labor system was less entrenched in the city of St. Louis, where the African American population was 2% in 1860, down from 25% in 1830. Enslaved people were often "hired out" by their masters in return for an agreed upon wage. A portion of the wage was sometimes paid to enslaved people, allowing a measure of self-determination and in rare cases the opportunity to purchase their freedom.</p><br>
<h3>Early farm residents and slavery</h3><br>
<p>Each of the farms early residents enslaved people during their tenure on the Gravois property. When Theodore and Anne Lucas Hunt purchased William Lindsay Longs home in 1818, there existed "several good log cabins" on the property—potential quarters for the five enslaved people purchased earlier by Hunt. The work of Walace, Andrew, Lydia, Loutette, and Adie would be an important part of the Hunts&#39; farming venture. The Hunts sold the Gravois property to Frederick Dent in 1820, for the sum of $6,000 (~$ in ). Naming the property "White Haven" after his family home in Maryland, Colonel Dent considered himself a Southern gentleman with enslaved people whom he could force to do the farmwork. By the 1850s, 18 people were enslaved at White Haven.</p><br>
<h3>Growing up as an enslaved person</h3><br>
<p>In 1830, half of the people enslaved by Dent were under the age of ten. Henrietta, Sue, Ann, and Jeff, among other enslaved people, played with the Dent children. Julia Dent recalled that they fished for minnows, climbed trees for bird nests, and gathered strawberries. However, slave children also had chores such as feeding chickens and cows, and they mastered their assigned tasks as the white children went off to school. Returning home from boarding school, Julia noted the transition from playmate to servant. She noted that the enslaved girls had "attained the dignity of white aprons." These aprons symbolized forced labor, a departure from the less structured days of childhood play.</p><br>
<h3>Household responsibilities</h3><br>
<p>Enslaved adults performed many household chores on the Dent plantation. Kitty and Rose served as nurses to Julia and Emma, while Mary Robinson became the family cook. The wide variety of foods prepared in her kitchen were highly praised by Julia: "Such loaves of beautiful snowy cake, such plates full of delicious Maryland biscuit, such exquisite custards and puddings, such omelettes, gumbo soup, and fritters." An enslaved man named "Old Bob," who traveled with the Dents from Maryland in 1816, had the responsibility to keep the fires going in White Havens seven fireplaces. Julia thought Bob was careless to allow the embers to die out, as this forced him "to walk a mile to some neighbors and bring home a brand of fire from their backlog." Such "carelessness" provided Bob and many other enslaved people an opportunity to escape their masters eyes.</p><br>
<h3>Tending the farm</h3><br>
<p>Forced labor was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850-acre plantation. Using the "best improvements in farm machinery" owned by Colonel Dent, field hands plowed, sowed and reaped the wheat, oats, Irish potatoes, and Indian corn grown on the estate. Enslaved people also cared for the orchards and gardens, harvesting the fruits and vegetables for consumption by all who lived on the property. During Grant&#39;s management of the farm, he worked side by side with Dan, one of the enslaved people given to Julia at birth. Grant, along with Dan and other enslaved people, felled trees and took firewood by wagon to sell to acquaintances in St. Louis. More than 75 horses, cattle, and pigs required daily attention, while grounds maintenance and numerous remodeling projects on the main house and outbuildings used the skills of enslaved people.</p><br>
<h3>Personal lives</h3><br>
<p>Enslaved people claimed time for socializing amid their chores. Corn shuckings provided one opportunity to come together as a community to eat, drink, sing, and visit, often including slaves from nearby plantations. Participation in religious activities, individually or as a group, also provided a sense of integrity. Julia remembered "Old Bob" going into the meadow to pray and sing. According to historian Lorenzo J. Greene, "St. Louis…was the only place in the state where the organized black church achieved any measure of success." It is unknown whether Dent allowed the people he enslaved to attend services.</p><br>
<h3>Freedom</h3><br>
<p>In Mary Robinsons July 24, 1885, recollections, during an interview for the Missouri Republicans memorial to Grant following his death, she noted that "he always said he wanted to give his wifes slaves their freedom as soon as he was able." In 1859, Grant freed William Jones, the only person he is known to have enslaved. During the Civil War, some enslaved people at White Haven simply walked off, as they did on many plantations in both Union and Confederate states. Missouris constitutional convention abolished slavery in the state in January 1865, freeing any enslaved people still living at White Haven.</p><br>
<p>"I Ulysses S. Grant... do hereby manumit, emancipate and set free from Slavery my Negro man William, sometimes called William Jones... forever."</p><br>
<h2>Post-Grant history</h2><br>
<p>The Grants turned White Haven over to William Henry Vanderbilt in 1881, to satisfy a loan Vanderbilt gave Grant after one of the latters financial partners absconded with embezzled investment funds. A portion of the plantation was later purchased by Adolphus Busch, where he developed his Grants Farm property, and the acreage around the main house was rescued from development of a Grant-themed amusement park in 1913 by Albert Wenzlick, a St. Louis real estate developer. The house was maintained by Wenzlick and his son until the latter&#39;s death in 1979. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, White Haven became a part of the National Park Service, and is currently one of more than 400 sites managed by that agency. The current superintendent is Nathan Wilson</p><br>
<p>The Illinois State Capitol, located in Springfield, Illinois, houses the legislative and executive branches of the government of the USA state of Illinois. Becoming the seat of the legislature in 1876, the current building is the sixth to serve as the capitol building since Illinois was admitted to the United States in 1818. Built in the architectural styles of the French Renaissance and Italianate, it was designed by Cochrane and Garnsey, an architectural and design firm based in Chicago. Ground was broken for the new capitol structure on March 11, 1868, and the building was completed twenty years later for a total cost of $4.5 million.</p><br>
<p>The building contains the two legislative chambers for the bicameral General Assembly of Illinois, which is made up of the lower chamber of the Illinois House of Representatives and the upper house of the Illinois Senate. A ceremonial office for the Governor of Illinois and additional executive branch offices, additional offices for legislators and staff, plus conference and committee rooms are also in the landmarked building. The Illinois Capitol&#39;s footprint is cross-shaped, with four equal wings. Its tall central rotunda and upper dome and tower roofs are covered in zinc metal plates to provide a silvery facade which does not weather, corrode or rust. Architectural scholar Jean A. Follett describes it as a building that "is monumental in scale and rich in detail." The interior of the dome features a plaster circular frieze painted to resemble bronze, which illustrates scenes from Illinois state history, and stained glass windows, including a stained glass replica of the Illinois state seal in the center-top oculus of the dome, above the rotunda.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>With a total height of 361 ft, the Illinois Capitol is the tallest non-skyscraper capitol structure, even exceeding the height of the United States Capitol with its dome in Washington, D.C. In contrast, the shortest skyscraper-style tower state capitol is the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, stands a mere 241.67 ft tall. The only other state capitols taller than Illinois are the non-neo-classical / classical revival designs of the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge and the Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln, whose governments opted for more modern unique structures, without traditional domes or towers. The dome itself of the State Capitol in Springfield is 92.5 ft wide, and is supported by underground solid bedrock, 25.5 ft below the surface. It is the highest building in surrounding Sangamon County in terms of total elevation; although the Wyndham Springfield City Centre building in downtown Springfield is taller than the top of the Capitol, it is on lower ground, making the Capitol building higher. A Springfield city statute currently does not allow buildings to be constructed in the state capital city higher than the Illinois State Capitol. Each of the four wings of the building is aligned to the 4 major compass directions; from the north end to the south end the building measures 379 ft and from the east end to the west end 268 ft. The capitol occupies a nine-acre plot of land that forms the surrounding Capitol Grounds. William Douglas Richardson served as one of the principal contractors for the 1868 to 1888 construction project of the Illinois Capitol, and Jacob Bunn, an in-law of W. D. Richardson, served as chairman of the capitol construction steering committee.</p><br>
<p>When the Capitol in Springfield was constructed, several empty shafts were included for the future installation of elevators. The original water-operated elevators were installed the year before the building&#39;s completion in 1887 and were sometimes the subject of ridicule by local newspapers as they were deemed inadequate for a building with the prestige of the State Capitol. Electric elevators were later installed sometime before 1939 when the state legislature appropriated $30,000 for their repair.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In the second decade of the 21st century in 2011, the then 123 year old Capitol underwent a $50 million renovation and updating project. It was primarily focused on the west wing, to upgrade its life safety, complying with the earlier Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 for modern handicapped persons accessibility and reworking utility mechanical, electrical and plumbing infrastructure of the century and a quarter old building as well as architectural improvements to bring the capitol closer to its original 1870s / 1880s appearance, the "period of significance" for the monumental building. Improvements included cleaning and refinishing of interior walls and ceilings, along with exposed brick arches in the basement; installation of maiden lamp posts for the grand staircase, new chandeliers, and copper-clad exterior doors; and removal of a second floor mezzanine level.</p><br>
<p>The addition of the maiden statues is particularly notable, since they had been originally sculpted and intended for the building since construction began in 1868, continuing into the subsequent 1870s when architect Alfred Piquenard designed them as part of his original plan for interior decoration. Piquenard was also coincidentally architect for the neighboring Iowa State Capitol being built in Des Moines, which is of a similar architectural style, albeit only 3/4 of the larger size building in Springfield. Illinois legislators in the somewhat prudish 1870s, thought that the scantily-clad women statues were too risqué but the Iowans had no objection to such symbolic sculpture in their legislative house. Illinois therefore had only plain lamps installed at the base of its grand staircase railings, whereas the maiden lamps originally intended for Illinois were instead delivered to and installed for the viewing pleasure and artist appreciation at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, where they remain to this day. The replica lamps of sculpture statues now installed at Illinois as part of this renovation are copies of those from the 19th century at Iowa&#39;s Capitol (in exile for 136 years from Illinois).</p><br>
<p>The year after completion of the 2-years long Illinois Capitol west wing project in 2014, the renovation achieved "LEED" Gold certification approval under the USA Green Building Council&#39;s New Construction and Major Renovation program.</p><br>
<p>Eight years later, in December 2021, state officials began another second phase of a similar renovation program at the Illinois Capitol. This time focused on the north wing that will cost eventually of a far larger amount almost four times greater than the first phase, now of $224 million and will possibly continue with double the previous time, now estimated for four years until 2025. Like the earlier first work phase in the west wing, this will focus on updating utilities infrastructure of fire protection systems, mechanical, electrical and heating / cooling (HVAC) climate systems and making additional areas as A.D.A. Act recommended handicapped accessible. The scheduled work will also remove now undesirable asbestos substances first installed decades before, and add an additional underground parking garage (to remove outside campus unsightly car parking lots returning the surrounding landscaped grounds to people, and along with a citizens visitor screening area to improve Capitol security in light of recent news events of prior decades. During the 1960s and 1970s, mezzanine levels were constructed between some floors in part of the north wing offices to increase floor space for legislators and their staff, but unfortunately cramping and increasing crowded working conditions. Current project work will remove these as was also earlier done a decade before in the west wing and to clean / restore the original walls of their decorative interior paint scheme colors.</p><br>
<h2>Former Illinois Capitols</h2><br>
<h3>Kaskaskia State House</h3><br>
<p>The current Capitol of Illinois in Springfield is the sixth such building in the history of the state of Illinois. The first was located in Kaskaskia, Illinois, a city on the east bank of the Mississippi River founded by French explorers of the Kingdom of France in 1709, as a southwestern extension of their colony of New France in the interior of the North America continent. Kaskaskia had been an administrative center and on the main inland transportation route for much of the 18th century between the Great Lakes and south to the French and then Spanish colonial port city of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi near the Gulf of Mexico. It became the largest town in the western Illinois Country, ceded by the British of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War to the newly independent United States. Three decades later, as territorial capital of the old Illinois Territory since its establishment in 1809 by the United States Congress, it was deemed an appropriate location for state of Illinois in 1819, which leased the first Capitol building, a two-story building, for the sum of $4.00 per day.</p><br>
<p>Wishing to site the capital in the state&#39;s interior from its border on the Mississippi, the first General Assembly of Illinois petitioned the USA Congress in Washington for a grant of suitable public land. Congress offered, and the state accepted, a land parcel further northeast up the Kaskaskia River from the confluence with the Mississippi, about eighty miles northeast of Kaskaskia. This location, which would be named Vandalia, Illinois, was selected partly with the hopes of encouraging Americans and immigrant settlers to locate in expanding interior areas of the state, moving from the older original Thirteen States on the Atlantic Ocean and East Coast states and cities, and nearby attracting populations from new western states of the old original Northwest Territory of 1783-1803, like Ohio, and states of the Union further south of Kentucky and Tennessee. Illinoisans encouraged people from nearby further east and north in the also newly-formed Michigan Territory, Wisconsin Territory, and the adjacent Indiana Territory to come further west to the fertile new lands in the Mid-Western Plains and prairie of the watersheds of the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys. The new state of Illinois allowed its lease on the first capital in the river port town of Kaskaskia to expire and relocated its government and courts upstream northeast to Vandalia.</p><br>
<h3>Vandalia State Houses</h3><br>
<p>Located in Vandalia, 38.961199&deg;N latitude, 89.093980&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Vandalia was the location of the second, third, and fourth State House Capitol buildings, where the state legislature of the General Assembly of Illinois met for 17 years, between 1820 and 1837. In 1820 with the completion of the new, or "second", capitol, Vandalia became the capital city of the state. The structure burned soon thereafter and a third Capitol quickly rose four years later in 1824 at a cost of $15,000. After its construction, many state citizens began to advocate relocating the capital to a geographic location nearer to the center of the state. A bill was introduced after only a decade in Vandalia in the General Assembly in 1833, calling for a statewide referendum vote to determine a new location site from a list of several choices including the towns of Alton, Jacksonville, Peoria, Springfield, Vandalia, and the states actual geographic center. While Alton was voted the victor in the plebiscite, the state legislature determined the margin of numbers was too small to be conclusive, and ignored the vote. In 1836, a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), along with colleagues of his in the legal profession, advocated moving the capital to Springfield. That summer the old third Capitol of 1824 in Vandalia was demolished after only 12 years service by local citizens and immediately replaced with the short-lived fourth Illinois State House in Vandalia—built by local residents at a cost of $16,000 —in an effort to keep the capital located in Vandalia. Although the new brick structure was well-built and extravagant, the General Assembly of Illinois however still ignored the citizens gesture and still voted the next year to relocate the state capital to Springfield on February 25, 1837, and build a new state Capitol there.</p><br>
<h3>Old State Capitol - Springfield</h3><br>
<p>Located in Springfield, 39.801219&deg;N latitude, 89.648569&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>On July 4, 1837, the first brick was laid for Illinois&#39;s fifth capitol designed by John F. Rague (1799-1877), who also designed the nearly identical Iowa Old Territorial Capitol. After 16 years of work, in 1853, the fifth Illinois Capitol was completed and the first in Springfield for a total sum of $260,000, almost twenty times the cost of any such previous structure. The building was designed in then popular Greek Revival architectural style from stone quarried 6 miles away from the site in Springfield. For many years, it was considered the largest and most extravagant capitol among the western frontier states in the United States and a source of pride.</p><br>
<p>The fifth capitol is closely associated with local New Salem storekeeper, splitter of logs and rails, later to become the self-educated, voracious reader becoming a Springfield lawyer and future 16th President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865, served 1861-1865), It was here that he argued cases before the local magistrates as a circuit rider elevating to the courthouse of the Illinois Supreme Court, served in the Illinois General Assembly (state legislature), first debated Senator Stephen Douglas, for elections in 1858 to be chosen United States Senator from Illinois to Washington, delivered his famous "House Divided" speech in June 1858, his farewell remarks in February 1861, at the local railroad station before leaving on his cross-country train journey to the White House, and returned four years later in a black-draped funeral mourning car to lay in state in death after his assassination at Ford&#39;s Theatre on April 14, 1865, later to be interred in the Lincoln Tomb.</p><br>
<p>As Illinois prospered and experienced several booms in population, economic and industrial growth, the fifth Capitol became crowded, especially as a result of relocations after the American Civil War (1861-1865). Two years later, on February 24, 1867, the state General Assembly voted to construct a new larger Capitol. After breaking the ground for the sixth and current Illinois State Capitol in 1868, beginning an expensive two decades-long construction project extending to 1888. The state recouped the costs of the earlier fifth Capitol by selling it to the local Sangamon County government for $200,000. It served as the old Sangamon County Courthouse for an additional 73 years until 1961 when the state re-purchased the now historical treasure building back and repaired / renovated and especially restored it to be close to its mid-19th century appearance as a historic landmark of Illinois and American history, designated as the Old State Capitol State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nisqually was an important fur trading and farming post of the Hudsons Bay Company in the Puget Sound area, part of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia Department. It was located in what is now DuPont, Washington. Today it is a living history museum located in Tacoma, Washington, USA, within the boundaries of Point Defiance Park. The Fort Nisqually Granary, moved along with the Factors House from the original site of the second fort to this park, is a USA National Historic Landmark. Built in 1843, the granary is the oldest building in Washington state and one of the only surviving examples of a Hudsons Bay Company "post-and-plank" structure. The Factors House and the granary are the only surviving Hudson&#39;s Bay Company buildings in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The Hudsons Bay Company expanded to the west coast by forming the Columbia District to oversee its operations in what was known by American interests as the Oregon Country. Forts would be built in the District at central fur gathering locations, accessible to a large number of tribes. In 1824, Fort Vancouver was built a few miles from the Columbia River to the south, and Fort Langley was built in 1827 on the Fraser River to the north. The Cowlitz Portage, an overland and shortcut route, was soon created, and thus a vital link between the two forts was established. After the attack and murder of Alexander McKenzie and four men in his party on this route (in revenge for which the HBC leveled an unrelated SKlallam village, killing twenty-seven people ), it was determined a fort located at a halfway point was needed for safety and security reasons.</p><br>
<p>The new midway location was at Nisqually, chosen for its excellent ship anchorage, its convenience for overland travel, the friendliness of local tribes and its prairies for grazing animals and growing crops. Located near the mouth of Sequalitchew Creek on the plains north of the Nisqually River Delta, in the present town of DuPont, Washington, Nisqually House was built in April 1832. It was a 15 by 20 feet warehouse. The staff was only three men with a few supplies left behind to manage it. It was notably the first European trading post on the Puget Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>One year later, in May 1833, Chief Trader Archibald McDonald returned with William Fraser Tolmie and seven men to begin the construction of a permanent fort. Tolmie spent the year there and wrote about the region extensively. The men were dependent upon the surrounding native villages for sustenance because they were unable to find much game to hunt. Relations with neighboring Indigenous people began to deepen, the officers of the post meeting with Chief Gray Head of the Steilacooms in 1833. Trading with the nearby Puyallup tribe and more distant S&#39;Klallams developed in the same year.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nisqually was operated and served by Scottish gentlemen, Native Americans, Hawaiian Kanakas, French-Canadians, Métis, West Indians, Englishmen and, in later years, a handful of Americans. Fort Nisqually grew from an obscure trading post to a major international trading establishment, despite not being a true military outpost. The fort&#39;s main export was beaver pelts that could be used for making a beaver-pelt top hat. Over the time Fort Nisqually functioned as a trading post, about 5,000 beaver, 3,000 muskrat, 2,000 raccoon and 1,500 river otter furs were collected.</p><br>
<h3>Puget Sound Agricultural Company</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1840, the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company (PSAC) was formed as a subsidiary of the HBC to meet its contractual obligations with the Russian-American Company in the RAC-HBC Agreement. Fort Nisqually and Cowlitz Farm were attached to the new venture, though it remained staffed and managed by HBC personnel. In 1841 mostly Métis families from the Red River colony were hired by the PSAC to become pastoralists and farmers upon its two stations. After traveling overland to Fort Vancouver with James Sinclair, 14 emigrant families from the Red River colony chose Fort Nisqually as their final destination. The station was removed in 1843 to be closer to Edmonds Marsh and Sequalitchew Creek, putting it in proximity of a water source and timber.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nisqually started to export livestock and crops for local consumption and export to principally to Russian Alaska, the Kingdom of Hawaii and Alta California. The herds of cattle, originally from Mexico, numbered over 2,000 in 1845 and supplied many of the HBC forts in the region. The sheep herds maintained were "aristocrats of the wool breeds", being composed of mixtures of Chevoit, Leicester and Southdown breeds. The flocks numbered almost 6,000 in 1845, doubled in size by 1849 but began a decrease of numbers until by 1856 the station had a little over 5,000.</p><br>
<p>Tolmie was the manager of the PSAC from 1843 to 1857, overseeing the pastoral and agricultural projects from Fort Nisqually. His tenure covered the transition from British to American control beginning in 1846 as result of the Oregon Treaty and the Puget Sound War. He was well respected because of his experience with the region and maintained friendly relations with the British, Indigenous peoples and American settlers.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Catholic missionary Jean Bolduc described the station in 1843 as having:</p><br>
<p>...an enclosure of fir logs, on an average eighteen feet high, enclosing a space one hundred fifty feet on each side and having a small unarmed bastion at the four corners. Inside is a house for the superintendent, a store for trading in furs and several small buildings for the lodging of servitors and voyageurs.</p><br>
<h3>Oregon Treaty</h3><br>
<p>The 1846 treaty between the United States and Great Britain established the border between British North America and the United States at the 49th parallel, which left Fort Nisqually on American soil. Early American settlers around Puget Sound began arriving in numbers during the 1850s to claim land authorized by the Donation Land Claim Act. This group was dependent upon Fort Nisqually for provisions and supplies, unable to make the needed food themselves. Bartering was the norm, with agricultural produce accepted as payment. Squatters from the United States became a problem for Fort Nisqually. Twenty-eight separate attempts to take portions of the fort&#39;s land happened in 1851, jumping to 50 incidents two years later. The herds of Fort Nisqually became targeted as well, an officer reporting in 1854 that "two or three bands of Americans constantly about the plains killing our beef..." With the fur trade in decline and increasing harassment from American settlers, tax collectors, and revenue agents, Fort Nisqually closed in 1869. A former employee of Fort Nisqually, Edward Huggins, became an American citizen and took over the site as his homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930s a decision was made to build a reconstruction of Fort Nisqually in a new location: Point Defiance Park in Tacoma, Washington, approximately 15 miles from the original fort. The restoration was part of President Franklin Roosevelts New Deal program, which provided jobs to a nation stricken by the Great Depression. The effort was funded and backed by the WPA and the Tacoma Businessmens Association. Only two buildings, the granary and the factor&#39;s house, were moved from their original locations. The remainder had fallen into decay and were not relocated to Point Defiance.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Nisqually Granary was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>Today, the restored Fort Nisqually is a living history museum run by employees and volunteers. Two of the original buildingsthe Factors House and the Granaryremain. In addition, there is a trade store, working blacksmith shop, laborers dwelling house, laundry, root cellar, demonstration kitchen, and kitchen garden. Fort Nisqually has seen recent changes designed to capture its original character. These changes include, most significantly, the restoration of the Factor&#39;s House, as well as the relocation and restoration of the two 1830s era bastions. In addition, a section of the palisades wall is designed to replicate the 1847 era wall.</p><br>
<p>Archeology was conducted in 1988–89 to determine the placement, orientation and size of the northeast bastion and palisades wall. Hundreds of artifacts were discovered and catalogued and have been added to the historical record. In addition, much research has been conducted using the original journals as well as hundreds of letters of Edward Huggins. Huggins was a clerk of the HBC who arrived in 1850. Huggins, originally a Londoner, eventually became an American citizen and homesteaded the land and buildings after it was abandoned by the HBC. He lived on the land until 1906, when he died of colon cancer. The restored fort is managed by Metro Parks Tacoma.</p><br>
<p>The 1833 location is on The Home Course golf course in DuPont. The 1843 location in DuPont, where the buildings now at Point Defiance were originally located, is owned by The Archaeological Conservancy, is managed by DuPont Historical Society, and is closed to the public, except when opened as part of the Fort Nisqually celebration held each year. Logs mark the location of the original walls, but there are no buildings remaining. The only visible remnants of the original fort are a line of black locust trees, planted in the 1850s. DuPonts History Museum has information on the site plans and a collection of other items from the Hudsons Bay Company.</p><br>
<p>Broadway, until 1890 Fort Street, is a major thoroughfare in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The portion of Broadway from 3rd to 9th streets, in the Historic Core of Downtown Los Angeles, was the city&#39;s main commercial street from the 1910s until World War II, and is the location of the Broadway Theater and Commercial District, the first and largest historic theater district listed on the National Register of Historic Places . With twelve movie palaces located along a six-block stretch, it is the only large concentration of movie palaces left in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>South Broadways southern terminus is Main Street just north of the San Diego Freeway (I-405) in Carson. From there it runs 10 mi north through Athens and South Los Angeles to Downtown Los Angeles – at Olympic Blvd. entering downtowns Historic Core, in which the buildings lining Broadway form the Broadway Theater and Commercial District. Crossing 3rd Street, Broadway passes through the Civic Center including Grand Park. After crossing the US-101 (Santa Ana Freeway), signs read "North Broadway" as it enters Chinatown. It then curves northeast, passing through old railyards, crosses the Golden State Fwy. (I-5) and heads due east to its terminus at Mission Road in Lincoln Heights.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding and extension</h3><br>
<p>Broadway, one of the oldest streets in the city, was laid out as part of the 1849 plan of Los Angeles made by Lieutenant Edward Ord and named Fort Street. Fort Street began at the south side of Fort Moore Hill (a block north of Temple Street) at Sand Street (later California Street).</p><br>
<p>In 1890, the name of Fort Street, from 1st Street to 10th Street, was changed to Broadway. The rest of Fort Street, from California Street to 1st Street, was changed to North Broadway.</p><br>
<p>Proposal for opening Broadway through to Buena Vista Street (now North Broadway), and extending the street south into what was then part of Main Street, below Tenth Street, in order to give a continuous, wide thoroughfare from the southern city limits to the Eastside, was made as early as February 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Tunnel under Fort Moore Hill was opened in 1901, extending North Broadway to Buena Vista Street at Bellevue Avenue (later Sunset Boulevard, now Cesar Chavez Avenue). A section of Broadway in South Los Angeles was originally named Moneta Avenue until 1923.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, construction on a bridge across the Los Angeles River was begun to connect Buena Vista Street to Downey Avenue, which ran from the river to Mission Road. The names of Buena Vista and Downey were then changed to North Broadway, but not without significant objections from affected residents and landowners. The bridge, which continued to be referred to as the Buena Vista Street Bridge for a good while, was opened to traffic in late September 1911.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial and entertainment center</h3><br>
<p>For more than 50 years, Broadway from 1st Street to Olympic Boulevard was the main commercial street of Los Angeles, and one of its premier theater and movie palace districts as well. It contains a vast number of historic buildings and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the turn of the 20th century, the citys Central Business District was further north, along Spring and Main streets between the Plaza and 2nd Street. In 1895 J.W. Robinsons opened what was then considered a very large and impressive four-story department store at 239 S. Broadway, signaling of the shift over the next decade and a half of the main shopping district to Broadway below 2nd Street.</p><br>
<h4>Retail hub</h4><br>
<p>From around 1905 through the 1950s, Broadway was considered the center of the city, where residents went to ornate movie palaces and live theaters, and shopped at major department stores and shops. See the Table of department stores on Broadway and Seventh streets below.</p><br>
<p>The square footage of the four largest department stores alone — Bullocks at 806,000 ft&sup2, The Broadway at 577,000 ft&sup2, May Co. at over 1,000,000 ft&sup2; and J. W. Robinsons (7th St. at Hope) at 623,700 ft&sup2; — totaled over three million square feet, the size of American Dream Meadowlands, America&#39;s largest mall today.</p><br>
<p>Among dozens of significant buildings from that era are the Bradbury Building, Ace Hotel Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles Examiner building designed by Julia Morgan.</p><br>
<p>Some of the movie theaters on the street fell into disuse and disrepair, some were replaced with parking lots, but many have been repurposed and/or restored. The department stores closed in the 1970s and 1980s, but Broadway has been the premier shopping destination for working class Latinos for decades.</p><br>
<h4>Theater District</h4><br>
<p>The Broadway Theater District is the first and largest historic theater district listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The district, which spans from 2nd to 10th street, contains twelve movie palaces.</p><br>
<h4>Department stores</h4><br>
<h3>Broadway since 2008</h3><br>
<p>In 2008, the City of Los Angeles launched a $40-million campaign to revitalize the Broadway district, known as the "Bringing Back Broadway" campaign. Some Latino merchants in the district expressed concern that the campaign was an effort to spread the largely Anglo gentrification taking hold in other parts of downtown to an area that has become the citys leading Latino shopping district. A worker at one of the districts bridal shops noted, "On one side, I like the idea. The only thing is that I don&#39;t think they want our types of businesses."</p><br>
<p>The Downtowns real estate revitalization, using the Citys adaptive reuse ordinance that makes it easier for developers to convert outmoded and/or vacant office and commercial buildings into residential buildings, has reached the Broadway Historic District. It includes the transformation of the United Artists Theater office tower into the Ace Hotel Los Angeles, and restoration of its movie palace.</p><br>
<p>The Bringing Back Broadway commission is working on further reviving the landmark Los Angeles boulevard in the historic district. Led by City Councilman Jose Huizar, the commission has recommended widening sidewalks, eliminating traffic lanes, constructing new parking structures, and bringing back streetcar service reminiscent of the street&#39;s past. A pedestrian-friendly project finished up in December 2014 that widened the sidewalks and replaced the parking lane with planters, chairs and round cafe tables with bright-red umbrellas. The Great Streets Initiative seeks to bolster the street-level health of the city by making several dozen boulevards more hospitable to pedestrians, cyclists and small businesses. Mayor Eric Garcetti said the effort represents "a shift from the way that our neighborhoods have been planned in Los Angeles," with a new focus on "walkability and transit."</p><br>
<p>Broadway retail is transitioning from a broad mix of stores catering to Hispanic immigrants and a burgeoning sneaker and streetwear retail cluster has emerged from 4th to 9th streets: Sneaker Row.</p><br>
<p>Retail in and around the Eastern Columbia, located at the intersection of 9th Street & Broadway, has proliferated in recent years with the opening of Acne Studios, Oak NYC, Aesop, Tanner Goods, BNKR, Austere, A.P.C., and Urban Outfitters located in the Rialto Theater (Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 472).</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and sites</h2><br>
<h3>North of Hollywood Freeway</h3><br>
<p>Chinatown East Gate, 943 N. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Little Joe&#39;s (razed), 904 N. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Site of Broadway Tunnel (1901–1941) below Fort Moore Hill (leveled), between today&#39;s Temple St. and César Chávez Bl.</p><br>
<h3>Hollywood Freeway to Temple</h3><br>
<p>This area south to Second Street was Los Angeles&#39;s Central Business District during the 1880s and 1890s. It is now the Civic Center.</p><br>
<h3>Third to Fourth</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>Homer Laughlin Building (1896, John Parkinson), 317 S. Broadway, home to Grand Central Market since 1917. Previously home to Coulter&#39;s (1898–1905) and Ville de Paris (1905–1917)</p><br>
<p>327–329 S. Broadway, former J. R. Lane Dry Goods store, then Field&#39;s jewelry store and the Broadway food market. Now a food court. Top floors removed; now single story.</p><br>
<p>Jacoby Building (John B. Parkinson), 331–335 S. Broadway, Jacoby Bros. department store 1900-1935, Boston Store late 1930s. Two of four floors removed</p><br>
<p>former Haggarty&#39;s department store from 1905 to 1917, 337–9 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Karl&#39;s Building (1903, Abram M. Edelman) 341–345 S. Broadway former J. M. Hale department store from 1909 through the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Wonder, 351 S. Broadway, opened 1921, largest retail silk store in the country</p><br>
<p>Grant Building (1898, Frank Van Trees), 355–363 S. Broadway, originally Grant Block, three stories, enlarged to 7 stores 1901–2 by John Parkinson, now two stories. Home to W. E. Cummings shoe store, then Montgomery Bros jewelry store, then Weatherby-Kayser</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Blackstone Building (1907), 318–322 S. Broadway, housed Blackstone&#39;s Department Store 1907-1917, as well as a Los Angeles County Library and the Cozy Theater. Originally five stories, now three</p><br>
<p>Trustee Building (1905, Parkinson and Bergstrom), 340 S. Broadway, home to various retail stores including Columbia Outfitting in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>O. T. Johnson Block (1895, Robert Brown Young), 350 S. Broadway, originally three stories, now one</p><br>
<p>O. T. Johnson Building (1902, John Parkinson), 356–364 S. Broadway, NE corner of 4th and Broadway, originally seven stories, now two</p><br>
<h3>Fourth to Fifth</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>Junípero Serra State Office Building, (1915, Parkinson and Bergstrom), SW corner of 4th and Broadway, former home to The Broadway</p><br>
<p>Wilson Building (1909), 431 S. Broadway, former home to Woolworth&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Metropolitan Building, (1913, Parkinson and Bergstrom), NW corner of 5th and Broadway, former home of Owl Drug Co., (1914–1934), L.A. Public Library (1913–1926), J. J. Newberry (1939-1990)</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Perla on Broadway (2022), 400 S. Broadway, 35-story condominium tower</p><br>
<p>Site of first Thrifty Drug Store (razed), 412 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Judson-Rives Building (1906, Charles Ronald Aldrich), 424 S. Broadway, ten stories, currently The Judson</p><br>
<p>Bumiller Building (1906, Morgan & Walls), 430 S. Broadway, six stories, currently the Broadway Lofts</p><br>
<p>Broadway Mall (1980s), 440 S. Broadway, former site of the Parmalee-Dohrmann building</p><br>
<p>Chester Williams Building (1926, Curlett & Beelman), NE corner of 5th and Broadway, twelve stories</p><br>
<h3>Fifth to Sixth</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>Fifth Street Store Building (1927, Alexander Curlett), 501 S. Broadway, former home to Steele, Faris, & Walker Co. (1905–1909), Fifth Street Store (1909–1925), Walkers (1926–1946), Millirons (1946–1953),</p><br>
<p>Remick Building (1902, Abram M. Edelman), 517-19 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Schulte United Building (1928), 529 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Lerners Building (1931, Philip Barker), 533 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>F. and W. Grand Silver Store Building (1931, Walker & Eisen, 537-541 S. Broadway. Home to F. & W. Grand Silver (1931–1934), National Dollar (1934), Richman Brothers (1950s), and Hartfield-Zodys (1960s)</p><br>
<p>Swelldom Building (1920, Davis & Davis and Henry F. Withey), 555–561 S. Broadway, Swelldom opened in the building 1920.</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Jewelry Trades Building (1913, Morgan, Walls and Morgan), 500 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Pettebone Building (1905, Robert Brown Young), 510-512 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Roxie Theatre (1931, John M. Cooper), 518 S. Broadway, 1600 seat movie palace</p><br>
<p>Cameo Theater – (1910, Alfred Rosenheim), 528 S. Broadway, originally 900-seat Nickelodeon,</p><br>
<p>Arcade Theater (1910, Morgan and Walls), 534 S. Broadway, 1450-seat English-music-hall theater Converted to retail</p><br>
<p>Broadway-Spring Arcade (1924, MacDonald and Couchot), 540 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Hubert-Thom McAn Building, (1900, John B. Parkinson) 546 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Silverwood&#39;s Building (1920, Walker and Eisen), 556-8 S. Broadway, former home to Silverwoods, five stories</p><br>
<h3>Sixth to Seventh</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>H. Jevne Company Building (1906-7, Parkinson & Bergstrom), 603 S. Broadway, site of Norton Block prior to 1906</p><br>
<p>Hotel Palms, repurposed for retail in 1906-7</p><br>
<p>Central Department Store (Samuel Tilden Norton), three stories</p><br>
<p>617–619 S. Broadway, Myer Siegel located here 1921 or 1922-1927</p><br>
<p>Los Angeles Theatre (1931, S. Charles Lee and S. Tilden Norton), 615 S. Broadway, 2000-seat movie palace</p><br>
<p>Mailing&#39;s (1930, S. Charles Lee), 617-619 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>former S. H. Kress, 621-625 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>St. Vincents Jewelry Mart, NW corner of 7th and Broadway, formerly Bullocks dept. store</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Walter P. Story Building (1909, Morgan & Walls) 600-610 S. Broadway, SE corner of 6th and Broadway, former hom to Mullen & Bluett</p><br>
<p>Desmonds Building (1924, Albert C. Martin, Sr.), 616 S. Broadway. Housed Desmonds flagship store 1924-1981, six stories</p><br>
<p>Schaber&#39;s Cafeteria Building (1928, Charles F. Plummer), 620 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Palace Theatre (1911, G. Albert Lansburgh), 630 S. Broadway, 2200-seat originally 1068-seat today vaudeville theater and movie palace</p><br>
<p>Forrester Building (1907, Charles Frederick Whittlesey), 638 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>J. E. Carr Building (1908-9, Robert Brown Young), 644–646 S. Broadway, home to Harris & Frank 1947–1980.</p><br>
<p>Clifton&#39;s Cafeteria, 648 S. Broadway, formerly Boos Bros. Cafeteria</p><br>
<h3>Seventh to Eighth</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>State Theatre (1921, Weeks & Day), 703 S. Broadway, 2,450-seat vaudeville theater and movie palace</p><br>
<p>F.W. Woolworth Building (1920, Weeks & Day), 719 S. Broadway, currently a Ross Dress for Less</p><br>
<p>Cheney Block (1913), 731-733 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Issacs Building (1913), home of Reich and Lièvre, 1917-ca. 1927, 739-745 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Merritt Building (1915, Reid & Reid), 761 S. Broadway</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Site of Hotel Lankershim (1905, Robert Brown Young), 700 S. Broadway, demolished 1980s</p><br>
<p>Yorkshire Hotel (1909, Parkinson and Bergstrom), 710-714 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Parmelee Building (1907, Parkinson and Bergstrom), 716 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Barker Brothers Building (1909, Robert Brown Young), 722 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Globe Theatre in the Garland Building (1913, Morgan, Walls & Morgan) 744 S. Broadway, 2000-seat movie palace</p><br>
<p>Chapman Building (1912-3, Ernest McConnell), 756 S. Broadway, northeast corner of 8th Street, thirteen stories</p><br>
<h3>Eighth to Ninth</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>May Company Building (1906, Alfred F. Rosenheim), 829 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Eastern Columbia Building (1930, Claud Beelman), 849 S. Broadway, considered "the jewel of downtown"</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Tower Theatre (1927, S. Charles Lee), 802 S. Broadway, originally a 1000-seat theater, now an Apple Store</p><br>
<p>Singer Building (1922, Meyer & Holler), 808 S. Broadway, bought by Singer Sewing Machine Company in 1939</p><br>
<p>Rialto Theatre (1917, Oliver Perry Dennis, 1923-remodel William Lee Woollett), 812 S. Broadway, former nickelodeon, now retail</p><br>
<p>Wurlitzer Building (1923, Walker and Eisen), 818 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Braun Building (1913, Walter Jesse Saunders), 820-822 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Platt Building (1927, Walker and Eisen), 830 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Orpheum Theatre (1926, G. Albert Lansburgh), 842 S. Broadway, 1976-seat theater</p><br>
<p>Ninth and Broadway Building (1930, Claud Beelman), 850 S. Broadway</p><br>
<h3>Ninth to Olympic</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>Blackstone&#39;s Department Store Building (1916, John and Donald Parkinson, first floor facade remodel by Morgan, Walls & Clements in 1939), 901 S. Broadway</p><br>
<p>Ace Hotel Los Angeles (1927, Walker & Eisen), 921-933 S. Broadway, houses United Artists Theater (1927, Charles Howard Crane), a 2214-seat movie palace</p><br>
<p>Western Costume Building (1925, Kenneth A. MacDonald Jr.), 939 S. Broadway</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Broadway Leasehold Building (1914, Meyer & Holler), 908 S. Broadway</p><br>
<h3>South of Olympic</h3><br>
<h4>West side</h4><br>
<p>Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building (1914, Julia Morgan), SW corner 11th and Broadway</p><br>
<p>Athens Park, 124th to El Segundo Blvd on Broadway</p><br>
<p>Globe Department Store, 51st and Broadway</p><br>
<h4>East side</h4><br>
<p>Los Angeles Railway Building (1925, Noerenberg & Johnson), 1060 S. Broadway, home to The Hoxton</p><br>
<p>Proper Hotel (1926, Curlett & Beelman), 1100 S. Broadway</p><br>
<h2>Public transportation</h2><br>
<p>The Los Angeles Metro Rail&#39;s Historic Broadway station is an underground light rail station near the intersection of 2nd and Broadway, which is served by the E Line east to East Los Angeles and west to Santa Monica, and on the A Line northeast to Union Station, Pasadena, and Azusa and south to Long Beach.</p><br>
<p>Metro J Line bus rapid transit (BRT) has 5 stations adjacent to Broadway in South Los Angeles: 37th Street/USC, Slauson, Manchester/I-110, Harbor Freeway, and Rosecrans. These stations are along the Harbor Transitway, a dedicated busway between Downtown L.A. (Adams Blvd.) and the Harbor Gateway, near Carson, in the median of the Harbor Freeway (I-110), just west of Broadway. J Line BRT runs as far south as San Pedro and as far northeast as El Monte.</p><br>
<p>Metro Local bus line 45 serves most of the length of Broadway, between Lincoln Heights through Downtown to the Harbor Freeway Station. Local routes 4, 30, and 40 serve portions of Broadway downtown.</p><br>
<p>The Homer Laughlin Building, at 317 South Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, is a landmark building best known for its ground floor tenant the Grand Central Market, the city&#39;s largest and oldest public market that sees 2 million visitors a year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built by retired Ohio entrepreneur Homer Laughlin (founder of the Homer Laughlin China Company), the Homer Laughlin Building was Los Angeless first fireproofed, steel-reinforced structure. The original six-story building was designed in 1896 by architect John B. Parkinson. Smith & Carr were the building contractors. In August 1898 Coulters Dry Goods (later department store) opened here.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 the structure was expanded through to Hill Street, called either the Laughlin Annex or the Lyon Building. This design by architect Harrison Albright was the first reinforced concrete building in Los Angeles. The first post-expansion tenant was the Ville de Paris department store, replaced in 1917 by the Grand Central Market, which still occupies the ground floor of the building. The location was chosen because of its proximity to the Angels Flight Railway allowing for easy access to the well-to-do citizens of Bunker Hill.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s the building served as an office for the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The original building was built in the Beaux Arts style, but subsequent modifications drastically changed its appearance including the addition of a tile façade in the 1960s which hid the second-story windows. Along with the adjacent Million Dollar Theater Building and the Bradbury Building, the Homer Laughlin Building and the Grand Central Market underwent a major renovation in the 1990s under the direction of developer Ira Yellin and architect Brenda Levin. As part of the rehabilitation residential units were added, creating downtown Los Angeles&#39;s first true mixed-use developments in decades.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, under the leadership of Ira Yellin&#39;s widow, Adele Yellin, the Market began welcoming a new wave of vendors who are transforming the nearly century-old food arcade into a major culinary destination. The ongoing revitalization of the iconic food arcade has garnered numerous media accolades including being named one of the “Hot 10” restaurants nationwide by Bon Appetit magazine in 2014.</p><br>
<h3>Historic designation</h3><br>
<p>In 1979, Los Angeles&#39;s Broadway Theater and Commercial District was added to the National Register of Historic Places, with Grand Central Market listed as a contributing property in the district. In 2019, the building was designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #1183.</p><br>
<p>The Renwick Gallery is a branch of the Smithsonian American Art Museum located in Washington, D.C. that displays American craft and decorative arts from the 19th to 21st century. The gallery is housed in a National Historic Landmark building that was opened in 1859 on Pennsylvania Avenue and originally housed the Corcoran Gallery of Art. When it was built in 1859, it was called "the American Louvre", and is now named for its architect James Renwick Jr.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Renwick Gallery building was originally built to be Washington, D.C.s first art museum and to house William Wilson Corcorans collection of American and European art.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by James Renwick Jr. and completed in 1874. The gallery is located at 1661 Pennsylvania Avenue NW.</p><br>
<p>Renwick designed it after the Louvre&#39;s Tuileries addition. At the time of its construction, it was known as "the American Louvre".</p><br>
<p>The building was near completion when the Civil War broke out and was seized by the USA Army in August 1861 as a temporary military warehouse for the records and uniforms for the Quarter Master General&#39;s Corps. In 1864, General Montgomery C. Meigs converted the building into his headquarters office.</p><br>
<p>On May 10, 1869, the building was returned to Corcoran, and, on January 19, 1874, the Corcoran Gallery of Art opened to the public. The gallery quickly outgrew the space and relocated to a new building nearby in 1897. Starting in 1899, the building housed the federal Court of Claims.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>By the 1950s, in need of more space, the Court of Claims proposed to demolish the building, however, it was saved from demolition by First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed an executive order transferring the Renwick building to the Smithsonian Institution for use as a "gallery of arts, craft and design." After a renovation under the direction of Lloyd E. Herman it opened in 1972 as the home of the Smithsonian American Art Museums contemporary craft program. The Renwick Gallery is now a branch of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, housing the museums collection of decorative art and crafts.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Renwick Gallery closed December 9, 2013, in order to permit a major renovation of the historic structure. The building was slightly damaged during the 2011 Washington D.C. earthquake, and the construction process required reworking of the original infrastructure. The museum reopened on November 13, 2015 with an exhibition entitled Wonder featuring site-specific installation by nine artists. The architectural renovation was led by Westlake Reed Leskosky, a Cleveland, Ohio–based architecture and engineering firm and construction was overseen by Consigli Construction Co. of Milford, Massachusetts. Fundraising for the renovation began in 2013, and was completed in June 2014 when local financier and philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $5.4 million toward the project. Smithsonian officials renamed the gallerys Grand Salon in Rubensteins honor.</p><br>
<p>The renovation included replacing all HVAC, electrical, plumbing, and fire-suppression systems; upgrades to security, phone, and data systems (including Wi-Fi installation throughout the building); restoring the original window configuration; restoring two vaulted ceilings on the second floor; reconfiguring the basement for staff offices and workshops; The four other firms which competed for the renovation job and made it to the final round but were not selected were Marlon Blackwell Architect, Studio Odile Decq, Vinci Hamp Architects, and Westlake Reed Leskosky (now DLR Group).</p><br>
<h4>Reopening</h4><br>
<p>The Renwick Gallery opened its doors after renovation on Friday, November 13, 2015. Admission is free. The gallery is open daily from 10:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The first-floor gallery typically featured temporary exhibits that rotated about twice a year. One commentator said, the crafts displayed "are high art, not everyday objects."</p><br>
<h3>Exhibitions</h3><br>
<p>In 2012, the Renwick Gallery hosted an exhibition called "40 Under 40: Craft Futures", which featured 40 artists in "boundary-pushing interpretations of glass, fiber, ceramic, wood and other materials challenge the traditional process-oriented notion of the craft medium by incorporating performance, interactivity and politics."</p><br>
<p>The gallery&#39;s visitors have almost doubled due to the popularity of the "Wonder" exhibition. In November 2015, "Wonder" opened in celebration of the completion of a two-year renovation of the Renwick Gallery. The exhibition featured nine major contemporary artists invited to install site-specific works on the theme of wonder in the nine exhibition spaces of the gallery. The artists chosen were Jennifer Angus, Chakaia Booker, Gabriel Dawe, Tara Donovan, Patrick Dougherty, Janet Echelman, John Grade, Maya Lin, and Leo Villareal.</p><br>
<p>The artists were given freedom to create their installations. Angus piece, "In the Midnight Garden," featured over 5,000 bugs – beetles, moths, and cicadas Bookers "Anonymous Donor" was made up of old tires and stainless steel. Dawes "Plexus A1" weaved a rainbow into the middle of one of the Renwicks rooms. Donovan made her installation out of thousands of index cards. Echelman based her piece off of images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that showed the impact of waves during the 2011 Japan tsunami. Grade reassembled a mold of a hemlock tree over a century year old. The piece is called "Middle Fork." Lin chose to map out the Chesapeake Bay using marbles. Villareal&#39;s LED chandelier hangs from the top of the Renwick ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Since January 2016, over 176,000 people have visited the gallery. It was criticized for being inconsistent with the Renwick&#39;s commitment to American craft.</p><br>
<p>The Renwick Craft Invitational is a biennial assessment of contemporary fine craft. The 2016 exhibition featured works by Steven Young Lee, Kristen Morgin, Jennifer Trask, and Norwood Viviano. Disrupting Craft: Renwick Invitational 2018 featured works by Tanya Aguiñiga, Sharif Bey, Dustin Farnsworth, and Stephanie Syjuco.</p><br>
<p>Since 2011, the Renwick has hosted a quarterly "Handi-hour," a crafting-themed happy hour event, inspired by the DIY movement. In addition to craft activities for patrons, the 21+ event features craft beers selected by Greg Engert of the ChurchKey restaurant and pub in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the Renwick hosted an augmented reality exhibition by glass artist Ginny Ruffner and digital collaborator Grant Kirkpatrick titled Reforestation of the Imagination.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, the tenth Renwick Invitational, Sharing Honors and Burdens, opened and features Native American artists: Joe Feddersen, Erica Lord, Geo Soctomah Neptune, Maggie Thompson, Lily Hope, and Ursala Hudson.</p><br>
<h2>Notable artists in the collection</h2><br>
<p>A number of well-known, critically acclaimed artists had works in the Renwick Gallery&#39;s collection; as of the November 2015 reopening most are no longer on display. Among them are:</p><br>
<p>Margaret Boozer&#39;s Eight Red Bowls Maryland terra cotta and pine sculpture.</p><br>
<p>Wendell Castles Ghost Clock cloaks time with trompe loeil.</p><br>
<p>Dale Chihuly&#39;s famous glass globules float in their sandbox sanctuaries.</p><br>
<p>Arline Fisch&#39;s silver Body Ornament</p><br>
<p>&#39;s Game Fish made from a mounted sailfish and game accessories, such as dice, poker chips, domino tiles, Scrabble letters, yo-yos, badminton shuttlecocks and Ping-Pong balls.</p><br>
<p>Sam Maloof&#39;s furniture</p><br>
<p>Maria Martinez</p><br>
<p>Albert Paley</p><br>
<p>Ginny Ruffner&#39;s Reforestation of the Imagination (with Grant Kirkpatrick), an augmented reality exhibition.</p><br>
<p>Judith Schaechter&#39;s A Little Torcher, a stained-glass creation depicting pyromania.</p><br>
<p>Kim Schmahmann&#39;s 1993–1999 Bureau of Bureaucracy, which is a "wooden cabinet full of cupboards to nowhere, bottomless drawers, drawers within drawers, hidden compartments, and more, a wonderful metaphor for the labyrinthine workings of government".</p><br>
<p>Commandant&#39;s Quarters of Fort Gibson was built in 1868–70. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as the residence of the commanding officer and his family, and as a "center of formal functions of celebration,</p><br>
<p>greeting and lodging for significant visiting dignitaries." Located adjacent to the parade grounds, "it served a point of</p><br>
<p>reference and reminder of the order of command present at the fort."</p><br>
<p>The larger Fort Gibson, which may include this building, was declared a USA National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 905 Coppinger Avenue in Fort Gibson. It was built during 1868–70; its builder/architect was Captain A.S. Kimball. It is a two-and-a-half-story, native stone building, 46x40 ft in plan. (Excerpt from "Fort Gibson Post-Civil War Military Buildings TR" document.) With</p><br>
<p>The Villa Philmonte is a large ranch home located outside of Cimarron, New Mexico, on Philmont Scout Ranch, owned by the Boy Scouts of America. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 as part of Villa Philmonte Historic District, which included two contributing buildings, two contributing structures, and two contributing sites.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Villa was built in 1926 by oil magnate Waite Phillips who used it to oversee his 300,000 acre cattle ranch in northeast New Mexico. Although it is popularly considered to have been built in a Mission and Spanish Colonial due to its location in the American Southwest and external similarities to adobe structures, the decor and actual construction of the house was actually intended to be representative of the Mediterranean style; the house is actually coated by layers of plaster over the years giving it an adobe-like appearance. Phillips named the house by combining the first half of his name with monte, the Spanish word for mountain. In addition to the Villa, Phillips built several other retreats on his ranch&#39;s property, including Fish Camp on the Agua Fria Creek and Hunting Lodge near Cimarroncito (now Philmont Scout Ranch camps).</p><br>
<p>Phillips donated the Villa, along with 91,538 acre of land and the Philtower office building in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to the Boy Scouts in 1941, supplementing a 1938 gift of 35,857 acre that had created the Philturn Rocky Mountain Scout camp, near Cimarron, New Mexico. The Boy Scouts of America has operated the property since that time and has opened the Villa to Scouts and visitors as a museum. Regularly scheduled tours are offered during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The Villa is lavishly furnished, and retains many of Phillips’ original furnishings and collections, including particularly notable displays of antiques and weapons. The building features a large courtyard with a fountain in the center, large columns, and numerous porticoes. The interior was decorated using an eclectic mix of European, American, and Southwestern furnishings. The grand piano in the entrance is worth an estimated $200,000.</p><br>
<p>A small window on the second floor that looks towards the ranch was added to the house by Phillips after construction was completed. He wanted the window added so he could view a large rock formation on a nearby mountain. The rock was subsequently named Window Rock.</p><br>
<p>A display window on the stairs between the first and second floor shows a landscape of saguaro cacti and a wagon being pulled by horses. In fact, wagons on the Santa Fe Trail were pulled by oxen, and there are no saguaro cacti in New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Terminal  is a large warehouse complex in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York City. The site occupies more than 95 acre between 58th and 63rd Streets west of Second Avenue, on Brooklyn&#39;s western shore. The complex was originally used as a United States Army Supply Terminal called the Brooklyn Army Base or Brooklyn Army Supply Base. Subsequently converted for commercial and light industrial purposes, it also includes a ferry stop. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Terminal was designed by Cass Gilbert. It contains two warehouses, three piers, several smaller administrative buildings, and rail sidings for loading cargo. When built, the warehouses were among the world&#39;s largest concrete structures. The Brooklyn Army Terminal adjoins the former Bush Terminal, which was used by the United States Navy.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Terminals construction was originally approved in 1918, during World War I, and was completed the following year after the conclusion of the war. The terminal was subsequently leased out and used for various purposes, including as a dock, a military prison, and a storage space for drugs and alcohol during Prohibition. During World War II, the terminal was the United States largest military supply base. The United States Army stopped using the Brooklyn Army Terminal in 1967, and the terminal was briefly used by the United States Postal Service and the Navy. The New York City government purchased the terminal in 1981; since then, the Brooklyn Army Terminal has undergone a series of renovations to make it suitable for commercial and light industrial use.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Terminal covers about 97 acre. It includes two 8-story warehouses, three 2-story piers, several ancillary buildings, and a train storage yard with capacity for 2,200 cars.</p><br>
<p>Warehouses A and B are located west of Second Avenue between 59th and 65th Streets, with warehouse A being located to the west of warehouse B.</p><br>
<p>Three railroad tracks ran through the space between the warehouses. There was also a power house, boiler room, and ash room. Each of the piers measured 1,300 ft long; one of the piers was 130 ft wide while the other two piers measured 130 ft wide. 58th Street, on the Brooklyn Army Terminal&#39;s northern side, separates the Army Terminal from Bush Terminal, which contains warehouses formerly used by the United States Navy.</p><br>
<p>The railroad tracks connected to four car floats and a large rail yard along the western shore of Bay Ridge, to the south of Brooklyn Army Terminal. Some of the tracks are still used by New York New Jersey Rail (formerly New York Cross Harbor Railroad) to carry freight along the Sunset Park shorefront.</p><br>
<p>Buildings A and B are operated by the New York City government as a light manufacturing space. The former administration building was remade into a food-manufacturing complex in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The complex was also known as the USA Army Military Ocean Terminal and the Brooklyn Army Base, and was built as part of the New York Port of Embarkation. The Brooklyn Army Base was one of six United States Army terminals whose construction was approved by United States Congress on May 6, 1918, to accommodate Army activity during World War I.</p><br>
<p>The base was designed by Cass Gilbert, though Irving T. Bush, who operated the adjacent Bush Terminal to the north, also helped design the complex. Construction started on May 15, 1918. The city set aside $40 million for the completion of the complex. Six thousand workers, employed by Turner Construction, helped build the Brooklyn Army Base. The scope of construction was so large that an additional train was added to subway timetables to transport workers from Manhattan to the future Army Base, and prospective workers would line up outside the construction site every morning. Several smaller contractors also helped build the complex.</p><br>
<p>To save money and to reduce the use of steel, the structures were built out of reinforced poured in place concrete using wooden forms. The concrete floors were designed to support loads of 500 lb/ft2. The construction process used 7 million linear feet (7,000,000 ft) of wood. The Brooklyn Army Terminal was the worlds largest concrete building complex at the time of construction. Ultimately, the government spent $32 million on the terminals construction.</p><br>
<h3>Military use</h3><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Base was completed in September 1919. The next year, a law passed by Congress gave the United States Shipping Board access to all piers that the Army was not using. In 1923, the federal government paid $2.4 million to the estate of William C. Langley, whose plot between 61st and 63rd Streets had been seized five years earlier to make way for the Brooklyn Army Base. The same year, the Shipping Board started leasing piers 3 and 4 to private commercial tenants. The Atlantic Tidewater Terminal signed two 5-year leases for the upper floors of the warehouses, using them for storage. Under this arrangement, transatlantic liners were able to dock at the Brooklyn Army Base&#39;s piers.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1920, during Prohibition, two vaults on warehouse A&#39;s third and sixth floors were used to stock illicit alcoholic beverages, as well as narcotics. The Army also had a lab where it was able to test the chemical makeup of appropriated alcohol. Beverages deemed suitable for future medicinal use were retained, and the rest were dumped into New York Harbor. The lab was closed in 1933 after the end of Prohibition.</p><br>
<p>An experimental barracks for transient service members was opened at Brooklyn Army Terminal in 1928. The barracks could accommodate 500 residents, and was designed for service members who were on leave or were awaiting discharge or transfer. By the next year, civic leaders were suggesting that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey take over the operations of the piers at Brooklyn Army Base. However, the base commander denied all rumors that the base would be abandoned or sold off.</p><br>
<p>In March 1930, officials announced that they would construct a military prison with a 125-prisoner capacity at Brooklyn Army Base. The prison, which would be one of three Army prisons in the United States, would house deserters and servicemembers convicted of high crimes. Community members objected to the prison, stating that there had been no prior consultation with the community. Despite protests, the government decided to proceed with plans for the prison.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Terminal was the largest military supply base in the United States through World War II. The complex had its own railroad line as well as dedicated police and fire departments. According to contemporary news articles, the Brooklyn Army Base saw 43,000,000 ST of cargo and was the point of departure for 3.5 million soldiers during World War II, though the Brooklyn Army Terminal&#39;s website states that the Brooklyn Army Base handled 37,000,000 ST of cargo and 3.2 million soldiers. The terminal employed 20,000 workers and served as the headquarters for the New York Port of Embarkation. In mid-1941, the USA Army moved some civilian workers into more than 500,000 ft2 at Bush Terminal, spread across three buildings along First Avenue, because there was no more space at Brooklyn Army Terminal.</p><br>
<p>A rigorous safety program, enacted after the war, resulted in an 85% decrease in industrial accidents at Brooklyn Army Terminal. The base was among the safest ports of embarkation in the United States, with an average of 0.194 accidents in marine transport operations occurring per 1,000,000 man-hours; by 1947, the port had only three incidents in two years. In the aftermath of World War II, the Brooklyn Army Base received the bodies of several thousand soldiers who had died while fighting the war. The first boat carrying American World War II casualties back to the United States arrived in San Francisco in October 1947, whereupon the bodies were transported cross-country to Brooklyn Army Base. A ship carrying 4,212 soldiers bodies traveled directly to the Brooklyn Army Terminal the next month. By July 1948, the base was receiving 18,500 soldiers bodies within a span of two weeks.</p><br>
<p>In the years after World War II ended, the Brooklyn Army Base was the port of arrival or departure for 200,000 soldiers per year. As per custom, the 328th Army Band would play every time troops arrived or departed from the base. During the late 1950s, the base received Hungarian Revolution refugees, as well as victims of a 1956 crash between the SS Andrea Doria and the MS Stockholm. In 1958, Private Elvis Presley sailed from Brooklyn Army Base to Germany alongside 1,170 other soldiers in the 3rd Armored Division. By 1963, the Brooklyn Army Terminal employed 1,800 civilians and over 200 military personnel, and another 1,600 people lived at the terminal. At that point, the terminal received 4,500 ST of cargo every day from trucking operations, and another 2,500 ST daily from rail operations.</p><br>
<h3>Closure of military base</h3><br>
<p>The United States Department of Defense announced in May 1964 that it was considering closing Brooklyn Army Base, as well as Fort Jay and the Brooklyn Navy Yard, as part of an effort to downsize unnecessary military installations and to save money. Immediately after the announcement, local officials and labor union leaders started advocating to save the military base from closure. Despite advocacy efforts to save the base from closure, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara announced in November 1964 that the Brooklyn Army Terminal would be one of nearly a hundred military bases that would be closed. Only the military function would be decommissioned, and 90 percent of civilian workers at Brooklyn Army Terminal would retain their jobs after the base was closed. By 1965, it was confirmed that the Brooklyn Army Terminal would close to military use on January 1, 1967. Port of Embarkation activities would be relocated to the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne, New Jersey. Some of the base&#39;s remaining activities would be relocated to the nearby Federal Office Building at 29th Street and Third Avenue in Gowanus, Brooklyn.</p><br>
<p>Officials held a decommissioning ceremony on December 9, 1966. Immediately afterward, the New York City government announced that it would acquire the terminal for maritime redevelopment. The city planned to relocate its foreign-trade zone from Staten Island to the Brooklyn Army Terminal, where there would be more room for the foreign-trade zone&#39;s operations. In addition, USA Senator Jacob Javits and the Brooklyn Army Terminal Development Committee discussed possible uses for the Brooklyn Army Terminal, including for the United States Post Office Department or for the Department of Defense. A dispute arose between local business owners, who wanted a large post office facility in the terminal, and the city. In June 1969, it was announced that the USA government would lease a 20 acre section of the base to the city for two years. Afterward, the city continued to lease part of the base, and in turn, sublet the space to private companies.</p><br>
<p>After a fire destroyed the Morgan General Mail Facility in Manhattan in December 1967, some of the Morgan Facility&#39;s operations were temporarily moved to the newly vacated Brooklyn Army Terminal. Soon the Brooklyn Army Terminal facility was handling 18,000 bags of international mail every day. The facility employed four thousand workers, 75% of whom lived in Brooklyn.</p><br>
<p>Shipping operations at the Brooklyn Army Terminal resumed in 1970. That same year, the federal government quietly proposed building a federal detention facility at the terminal to replace an overcrowded facility in Manhattan. The Navy moved into the terminal in 1972, and renamed it the Military Ocean Terminal. The former Brooklyn Army Base now served as the headquarters for the Military Sealift Command (MSC) Atlantic. Army shipping activities were permanently moved to Bayonne starting in 1974, saving the federal government $2 million per year. The USA military had completely vacated the space by October 1975.</p><br>
<h3>Sale of terminal to city</h3><br>
<p>The United States Senate voted in August 1979 to allow the government of New York City to purchase and take over the terminal. A similar vote passed the United States House of Representatives that November. Shortly afterward, the city began tendering proposals from developers who wanted to redevelop the terminal. The city received four proposals: of these, two were for industrial redevelopment, one was for residential development, and one was for mixed-use development. In September 1980, Helmsley-Spear Inc. was selected to develop an industrial site at Brooklyn Army Terminal, in a format similar to at the nearby Bush Terminal. The federal government and the city then began discussing a purchase price for the terminal, but negotiations stalled for two months because of disagreements over sale price. According to New York City Economic Development Commissioner Kenneth Schuman, after a tentative deal was struck with Helmsley-Spear, Inc., the USA General Services Administration rejected the sale price that the regional office had agreed to, and further talks between the city government and Helmsley-Spear were put on hold.</p><br>
<p>By December, the federal government agreed to sell the terminal for $8.5 million; roughly half of the cost, or $4 million, would be paid by the city, while the remaining balance would be paid by the United States Economic Development Administration. The federal government withheld aid for another several months, but finally approved the $4.5 million grant in April 1981.</p><br>
<p>The two sides finalized the sale in July 1981. In September of that year, Helmsley-Spear Inc. CEO Harry Helmsley announced that he was withdrawing the company from a tentative deal to sublet the Brooklyn Army Terminal from the city. The withdrawal came after a disagreement over the lease terms when the city found out that Harry Helmsley, a partner in the company, was in the final stages of selling the Gair Industrial Buildings for development into a residential and commercial complex five miles to the south along the Brooklyn waterfront. Claiming that this sale could increase the Army Terminal’s value, the city had proposed new terms in which it would receive a greater share of the profits from subleasing the terminal to industrial tenants. By 1983, the city had hired Eastdil Realty, which was arranging for $20 million to rehabilitate the first building in the complex. Most of the $20 million would come from private sources, but the city would pledge $2 million and was awaiting another $5.6 million of federal Urban Development Action Grants. The city projected that a full renovation of the Brooklyn Army Terminal would take four years and cost $36 million.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The listing includes 11 contributing buildings on an area of 97.2 acre.</p><br>
<h3>Use as manufacturing hub</h3><br>
<p>The city government began completely renovating building Bs northern half in 1985, adding 1,000,000 ft2 of new leasable space. As part of the renovations, the city installed electrical, plumbing, and heating infrastructure; replaced the elevators; added restrooms; landscaped and cleaned up the buildings exterior; added a parking lot; and improved the loading docks. The first phase consisted of 32 units of industrial space, which each had an average of 30,000 ft2 of space. The renovations cost approximately $33 million. After the renovations were complete, the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) started leasing the property as a center for dozens of light manufacturing, warehousing and back-office businesses, with rents averaging $3.75 per square foot. The first industrial tenants signed leases for space in the terminal in May 1987. By August 1988, sixty percent of the available space had been leased, rising to eighty percent by December. All of the available space had been leased by October 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Bibby Venture, one of the two first prison barges to be brought to New York City, was purchased and docked on the East River in summer 1988 as a result of overcrowding in the citys jails. However, by August 1988, it was moved to outside Brooklyn Army Terminal. Its location outside the terminal was a temporary measure, necessitated because residents of neighborhoods along the East River objected to the barges presence. As originally planned, the barge would be moved to Pier 40 on the West Side of Manhattan by early 1989. While docked at Brooklyn Army Terminal, the Bibby Venture was used to house prisoners awaiting trial. However, residents of Sunset Park and Bay Ridge also objected to the prison barge, saying that they had not been consulted about the decision. The Bibby Venture was moved to Pier 40 on the Hudson River in summer 1989. The Bibby Venture and its sister barge Bibby Resolution were retired from use in 1992, to be replaced by the Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center floating jail in the South Bronx, and the barges were sold two years later.</p><br>
<p>By late 1988, the city was planning to renovate another million square feet at a cost of $44.5 million. During the renovation, the city would add 40 industrial units with an average of 20,000 ft2 of floor space in each unit, as well as 4,700 ft2 of retail space. The city started signing leases for the space in 1990, just after construction on the second phase started. Renovations also started on parts of Building A, and work on a 400,000 ft2 space in the building was completed in 1994. Upgrades to an additional 200,000 ft2 of space were completed in 1995. A fourth phase of renovations was completed by 2003, adding another 350,000 ft2. By that time, 2,600,000 ft2 of space had been renovated.</p><br>
<p>The city began offering public tours of Brooklyn Army Terminal&#39;s interior in 2013. The tours, offered two weekends a month, were offered through Turnstile Tours. The NYCEDC also started renovating the Administration Building into a food-manufacturing complex at a cost of $15 million. By 2016, there were 3,700 people working in Brooklyn Army Terminal, with a thousand more jobs planned over the following ten years. The administration of Mayor Bill de Blasio set up a job center at Brooklyn Army Terminal to help local residents with limited English proficiency obtain jobs at the terminal.</p><br>
<p>NYC Ferry started operating to Brooklyn Army Terminal in May 2017. The renovation of the 500,000-square-foot space in Building A was completed in June 2018, just after the 100th anniversary of when construction started on the terminal. The refurbished area could accommodate an additional 20 companies. By this time, the renovation of the terminal was 92% complete. The Brooklyn Army Terminal had 100 companies that collectively employed 3,800 workers, but the city projected that an additional 1,000 jobs would be added once leases were granted for all of the newly renovated space. Because of the decline of traditional manufacturing in Brooklyn, most of the new tenants were companies that worked in the technology, media, food, or manufacturing sectors, while the city had stopped renewing leases for tenants that primarily worked in distribution and storage. The total cost of restoring the complex was projected to be $280 million by 2016,</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The piers at Brooklyn Army Terminal are used by NYC Ferrys Rockaway and South Brooklyn routes. The nearest New York City Subway station is at 59th Street and Fourth Avenue, served by the. A bike trail, part of the Sunset Park Greenway, connects the Brooklyn Army Terminal to Owls Head Park to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Ferry service</h3><br>
<p>A fast ferry service from Brooklyn Army Terminal to Manhattan was first proposed in 1994 as a way to revitalize Sunset Park. The boat service was expected to start service in 1997 at a cost of $25 million, and would include a new pier at 59th Street as well as a 500-space parking lot at Brooklyn Army Terminal. This ferry service was operating by late 1997, bringing increased economic activity to the Brooklyn Army Terminal area as a result.</p><br>
<p>After subway service in Lower Manhattan was disrupted following the September 11, 2001, attacks, the city established a free ferry service from the Brooklyn Army Terminal&#39;s 58th Street Pier to Pier 11/Wall Street, using funds provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. New York Water Taxi took over the route in 2003 and instituted a fare.*</p><br>
<p>In 2008, New York Water Taxi established a route between Pier 11 and Breezy Point, Queens, with a stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal. This service was indefinitely suspended in 2010 due to lack of funding.</p><br>
<p>In the aftermath of subway disruptions arising from Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012, SeaStreak began running a route from Rockaway Park, Queens, to Pier 11 and the East 34th Street ferry terminal. The ferry route charged a $2 fare for each passenger. A stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal was added to those trips in August 2013, following the closure of the Montague Street subway tunnel, which suspended direct service on the R train between Brooklyn and Manhattan. The ferry service proved to be popular with locals; about 250 passengers per day rode the ferry between Brooklyn Army Terminal and Manhattan, in addition to approximately 730 daily passengers riding the ferry between Rockaway and Manhattan. The ferry route carried nearly 200,000 passengers between its inception and mid-2014. The route was renewed several times through mid-2014, but was discontinued on October 31, 2014 because of a lack of funding.</p><br>
<p>On May 1, 2017, NYC Ferrys Rockaway route started operating between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattans Financial District and Beach 108th Street in Rockaway Park, with a stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal.*</p><br>
<p>The terminal is also served by NYC Ferrys South Brooklyn route, which started running on June 1, 2017. New York Water Taxi operates an employee shuttle for NYU Langone Health that runs between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing, providing a connection between NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn and NYU Langones academic medical center in Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>Notable tenants</h2><br>
<p>Brooklyn Army Terminal is also home to a number of tenants specializing across a varied degree of industries. Notable tenants include:</p><br>
<p>American Museum of Natural History</p><br>
<p>chashama, artist studio program</p><br>
<p>Ford Bay Ridge Service Center – occupies the former Federal Laundry Building on the eastern side of the terminal property</p><br>
<p>Jomashop.com, online watch and fashion retailer</p><br>
<p>Jacques Torres & Mr Chocolate, chocolatier</p><br>
<p>New York City Bioscience Initiative center</p><br>
<p>New York City Police Department Intelligence Division</p><br>
<p>Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</p><br>
<p>Uncommon Goods, internet retailer</p><br>
<p>South Pass City is an unincorporated community in Fremont County, Wyoming, United States. It is located 2 mi south of the intersection of highways 28 and 131. A former station on the Oregon Trail, it became a ghost town after later gold mines were closed. The entire community is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The closest town is Atlantic City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>South Pass City developed rapidly as a stage and telegraph station on the Oregon Trail during the 1850s. The site of the first settlement in the area was about 9 mi south of present-day South Pass City, at what is today known as Burnt Ranch. Burnt Ranch was located where the Emigrant Trails crossed the Sweetwater River for the last time and ascended toward the South Pass.</p><br>
<p>In August 1861, 25-year-old Samuel Clemens (later Mark Twain) passed through South Pass City via stagecoach with his brother Orion, newly appointed as Secretary of Nevada Territory. Mark Twain later wrote about the experience in Roughing It, first published in 1872: "... we hove in sight of South Pass City. The hotelkeeper, the postmaster, the blacksmith, the mayor, the constable, the city marshal and the principal citizen and property holder, all came out and greeted us cheerily, and we gave him good day. He gave us a little Indian news, and a little Rocky Mountain news, and we gave him some Plains information in return. He then retired to his lonely grandeur and we climbed on up among the bristling peaks and the ragged clouds. South Pass City consisted of four log cabins, one of which was unfinished, and the gentleman with all those offices and titles was the chiefest of the ten citizens of the place. Think of hotelkeeper, postmaster, blacksmith, mayor, constable, city marshal and principal citizen all condensed into one person and crammed into one skin. Bemis said he was a perfect Allens revolver of dignities.&#39; And he said that if he were to die as postmaster, or as blacksmith, or as postmaster and blacksmith both, the people might stand it; but if he were to die all over, it would be a frightful loss to the community."</p><br>
<p>In 1867, gold was discovered in the vicinity, and a year later prospecting began on what would become the Carissa mine. Prospectors and adventurers quickly arrived and founded South Pass City. Within a year, the communitys population had swelled to about 2,000. William H. Bright, a saloon owner who was elected to the Wyoming Territorial Legislature and served as President of the Territorial Council, introduced a womens suffrage bill, which passed. When the Women&#39;s Suffrage Act was signed into law by Territorial Governor John A. Campbell on December 10, 1869, Wyoming became the first jurisdiction in the United States to grant women the right to vote, a right which was not granted women nationally until 1920.</p><br>
<p>Esther Hobart Morris became the first female justice of the peace in the United States in 1870. She began her tenure as justice in South Pass City on February 14, 1870, serving a term of nearly 9 months.</p><br>
<p>Within a decade, the citys population shrank dramatically, as the large gold deposits that had been hoped for failed to materialize. By the mid-1870s South Pass Citys population was reduced to about 100 people but apparently grew to 180 by 1901. Over the next century the population of South Pass City declined even further. Many of the city&#39;s homes, mercantile stores, hotels and saloons fell into disrepair. A few businesses continued to operate in South Pass City, with the last of the pioneer families finally moving out in 1949.</p><br>
<h2>South Pass City State Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>By the end of the 20th century, steps were being taken to renew the community, and to develop it as an historic site for destination tourism. The community in the early 21st century consists of two areas: South Pass City, in which a handful of residents live, and South Pass City State Historic Site, which preserves more than 30 historic structures dating from the city&#39;s heyday in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1970, the community was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The town has been extensively documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in drawings and in photographs, by HABS photographer Jack Boucher.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Wyoming State Legislature purchased the Carissa Mine and added the property to the South Pass City State Historic Site. The Carissa Mine was the main economic engine for South Pass City for many years. Wyoming State Parks partnered with the Abandoned Mine Lands division of the Department of Environmental Quality to remediate mine hazards and stabilize buildings. Additional support from the Wyoming State Legislature and organizations like the Friends of South Pass City have raised funds for restoration and exhibition of the mine. Today the mine buildings can be toured with demonstrations of historic mining and milling equipment.</p><br>
<h2>Highways</h2><br>
<p>The road west out of South Pass City intersects with 2 mi west of town; Wyo. 28 intersects with thirty-five miles north of that intersection.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In The Outlaw Trail: A Journey Through Time, Robert Redford devoted a chapter to South Pass City.</p><br>
<p>The Former Chicago Historical Society Building is a historic landmark located at 632 N. Dearborn Street on the northwest corner of Dearborn and Ontario streets near downtown Chicago. Built in 1892, the granite-clad building is a prime example of Henry Ives Cobb&#39;s Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. Henry Cobb designed this home for Walter Loomis Newberry, founder of the Newberry Library in Chicago. The building was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1997. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, under the name, Old Chicago Historical Society Building.</p><br>
<p>The building was the home of the Chicago Historical Society after its original headquarters burned down and prior to its relocation to Lincoln Park in 1931. Afterwards, the building housed a magazine publisher, the Works Progress Administration, the Loyal Order of Moose, the Chicago Institute of Design (1946–1956), and recording studios (1950s and 1960s). Since 1985 it has been the location of a series of nightclubs.</p><br>
<h2>Nightclubs</h2><br>
<p>From 1985 to 1989, nightclub entrepreneur Peter Gatien operated The Limelight nightclub in the building, one of his chain of nightclubs under that name; at some point he bought the building. In January 1989, Gatien sold the building to Fred Hoffman for $3.5 million. Hoffman spent $1 million renovating the building, and in 1989 opened Excalibur and Vision, two "sister clubs". At the time of their openings in 1989, the two clubs were the largest non-hotel entertainment facility in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The northern portion of the building was Vision, which had its own entrance. Vision was a large multi-level, multi-room nightclub that catered to fans of hip-hop, trance, and or house music. Notable guests who played at Vision included Rihanna, MSTRKRFT, Moby, Paul van Dyk, Benny Benassi, Cosmic Gate, Armin Van Buuren, Tiësto, Gabriel & Dresden and Gareth Emery.</p><br>
<p>On April 24, 2001, it was reported that a waitress for Excalibur, Colleen Gallagher, was tipped $11,000 by a customer who had run up a $60 bar tab.</p><br>
<p>Excalibur and Vision closed in mid-2012.</p><br>
<p>On December 31, 2012, after six months of remodeling, the club was re-launched as "Castle Chicago". With a three million dollar remodel replacing decor, lighting, and sound systems, the multi-venue Castle contains three nightclubs, a restaurant, a lounge and a craft cocktail bar, as well as private party facilities.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by Four Corners Tavern Group Inc. in May 2014 and ceased operation as the Castle nightclub in early January 2015.Ori, Ryan.</p><br>
<p>The site is currently undergoing another rehab and will reopen as TAO restaurant and nightclub (other locations in Las Vegas and New York City) projected to open in July 2018 Union Construction Worker</p><br>
<p>Chicago Real Estate Daily (May 6, 2014). Accessed December 24, 2014</p><br>
<p>Most recently the Tao Group opened its signature Hybrid Asian Cuisine/ Nightclub in the location in September 2018. Tao operates on the 2nd floor.</p><br>
<p>Fort Barrancas  or Fort San Carlos de Barrancas  is a United States military fort and National Historic Landmark in the former Warrington area of Pensacola, Florida, located physically within Naval Air Station Pensacola, which was developed later around it.</p><br>
<p>The hill-top fort, connected to a sea level water battery,</p><br>
<p>overlooks Pensacola Bay. From 1839 to 1844, the historic Spanish fort on the hill was reconstructed and dramatically expanded in brick. This is now termed "Fort Barrancas". The older, water battery downhill (Bateria de San Antonio, 1787) has been separately named as "Fort San Carlos".</p><br>
<p>It is a remnant from the Spanish fortification, the wooden (Fuerte) Fort San Carlos de Barrancas of the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Due to changing requirements, the USA Army deactivated Fort Barrancas on April 15, 1947, following World War II. Designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1960, the fort was transferred to the control and administration of the National Park Service in 1971. After extensive restoration during 1971–1980, Fort Barrancas was opened to the public (see below: Timeline).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Fort San Carlos de Austria was constructed by the Spanish in 1698. It was besieged in 1707 by Native Americans under the general leadership of some English traders, but was not taken. In 1719 French forces captured Pensacola and destroyed the Spanish fort.</p><br>
<p>Following Britains success over the French in the Seven Years War, in 1763 it exchanged some territory with Spain and took over West Florida. The British used this site as a harbor fortification, building the Royal Navy Redoubt in 1763. More than a decade later, as enemies of the British, the Spanish joined the war against them in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, though they never officially became American allies. They took Pensacola in 1781. After the war, the Spanish retook control of West Florida. They completed the fort San Carlos de Barrancas in 1797. Barranca is a Spanish word for bluff, the natural terrain feature that makes this location ideal for the fortress.</p><br>
<h3>First battles under USA control</h3><br>
<p>During the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom, the fort was the scene of the American victory at the Battle of Pensacola (1814). This was fought between American forces commanded by General Andrew Jackson as well as some Native American allies, and the allied forces of Great Britain, Spanish Florida, and the Creek nation.</p><br>
<p>American units raided West Florida. In 1818, the Spanish garrison of the fort exchanged cannon fire with an American battery for a few days. The USA force was led by General Jackson. Eventually the Spanish surrendered the fort, leaving Pensacola in American hands.</p><br>
<p>When the United States purchased Florida from Spain in 1821, it selected Pensacola as the site for a major Navy Yard, which was developed around the Spanish Fort Barrancas. In addition, the US developed plans for construction of additional harbor fortifications to protect this deepwater bay. Fort Pickens was completed on Santa Rosa Island in 1834, and Fort McRee was completed in 1839 to defend the pass to Pensacola Bay.</p><br>
<p>Fort Barrancas was reconstructed and expanded with brick between 1839 and 1844 on its hilltop overlooking the bay. It was strengthened to defend against both ships entering the harbor and attack across land. The Advanced Redoubt was built north of the fort, and a trenchline connected them. This system protected the Navy Yard to the east from infantry attacks.</p><br>
<p>The expanded Fort Barrancas was designed by Joseph Gilbert Totten. It was connected to the Spanish-built water-battery by an underground walkway tunnel. Major William Henry Chase supervised the construction, done mostly by Black slaves.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<p>On January 8, 1861, more than three months before the American Civil War officially started at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, a company of 50 USA Army soldiers stationed at Fort Barrancas, under the command of John H. Winder, fired upon a militia of Florida state troops, under Colonel William Henry Chase, who demanded for the USA troops to surrender the fort. Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer, acting commander in Winder&#39;s absence, had the troops fire shots meant to repel the militia. Slemmer knew that Fort Pickens was easier to defend and so he spiked the guns at Barrancas, loaded ammunition and supplies on a flatboat, and moved his company across the bay to Fort Pickens. The Union held the fort throughout the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Confederacy stationed soldiers from Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi at Fort Barrancas. While a small company of soldiers could man the fort successfully, the Confederate Army fortified the position with additional sand batteries along the coast, to be operated by the garrison. General Braxton Bragg took command of Confederate Pensacola on March 11, 1861, and continued work on the batteries.</p><br>
<p>On October 9, a Confederate force of 1000 troops landed east of Fort Pickens but was repelled by Union forces. Fort McRee and Fort Barrancas exchanged heavy cannon fire with Fort Pickens on November 22–23, 1861 and January 1, 1862. However, in May 1862, after learning that the Union Army had taken New Orleans, Confederate troops abandoned Pensacola.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>Stronger, rifled cannon and ironclad ships developed during the Civil War made masonry forts like Fort Barrancas outmoded. The fort was used as a signal station, small arms range, and storage area by the Army until 1946. Newer weapon technology developed during World War II made coastal defense artillery forts completely obsolete.</p><br>
<p>On April 15, 1947, Fort Barrancas was deactivated. The USA Navy incorporated the site into Naval Air Station Pensacola. At the same time, local leaders, Congress, and the National Park Service were working to designate the harbor defenses of Pensacola as a historic national monument. In 1971, Congress authorized the establishment of the Gulf Islands National Seashore, to be managed by the National Park Service. Fort Barrancas was included in this. After a $1.2 million restoration, Fort Barrancas was opened to the public in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Fort Barrancas and the nearby Advanced Redoubt are located on Naval Air Station Pensacola but they are both managed as historic properties by the National Park Service. Access to Naval Air Station Pensacola by non-Department of Defense affiliated personnel may be subject to homeland security and military force protection concerns.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>Fort Barrancas and its site has changed names several times over the past five centuries, depending on which country ruled in the region:</p><br>
<p>1559–1561: The Spanish first settled a portion of Santa Rosa Island, they did not use this hilltop site at all</p><br>
<p>1698: the Spanish constructed Fort San Carlos de Austria on this hilltop</p><br>
<p>1719: Fort San Carlos de Austria was destroyed by the French</p><br>
<p>1763: under British rule, Royal Navy Redoubt is constructed of earth and logs</p><br>
<p>1787: under Spanish rule (from 1781), the sea-level battery, Bateria de San Antonio, is built of masonry</p><br>
<p>1787–1797: under Spanish rule, Fort San Carlos de Barrancas, a wooden and earthen structure, is added on the hill-top bluff overlooking the battery</p><br>
<p>1814: Fort San Carlos de Barrancas is demolished by the evacuating British during the War of 1812 as Andrew Jackson approaches</p><br>
<p>1817: again under Spanish control, San Carlos de Barrancas is rebuilt</p><br>
<p>1839–1844: under USA rule following purchase of Florida from Spain (from 1821), the wooden hill-top structure is replaced with a massive brick fortress connected via tunnel to the water-side battery (remodeled in 1838), with the entire site comprising Fort Barrancas</p><br>
<p>1845–1869: the Advanced Redoubt is built 1400 ft (427 m) north of the fort</p><br>
<p>1861: With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Union forces abandoned Fort Barrancas and defended Fort Pickens; Barrancas was taken over by Confederates; the fort was bombarded from Union-held Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, with heaviest attacks on November 22–23 and January 7, 1862</p><br>
<p>1862: in May after the fall of New Orleans to Union forces, Fort Barrancas and the City of Pensacola were abandoned by Confederate troops (after the fall of New Orleans)</p><br>
<p>1870: The Pensacola and Fort Barrancas Railroad, an eight-mile line connecting Pensacola, Florida, with the fort, through Warrington and Woolsey, is constructed during the Reconstruction era to improve infrastructure in the state. The line had several corporate ownerships before the rail link on Naval Air Station Pensacola was abandoned circa 1979. Related track and bridges across several waterways was removed.</p><br>
<p>1941–1947: Fort Barrancas is used by the USA Army as a signal station and small arms range during World War II and deactivated in 1947</p><br>
<p>1960: on October 9, Fort San Carlos de Barrancas is designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>1966: Fort Barrancas Historical District (640 acres) is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as district #66000263.</p><br>
<p>"National Register of Historic Places" (list), webpage:</p><br>
<p>1971: Fort Barrancas becomes part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore managed by the USA National Park Service</p><br>
<p>1978–1980: Fort Barrancas is restored during an 18-month project and opened to the public as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>1989: Fort Barrancas is listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Fort Barrancas currently houses a visitor center for the Gulf Islands National Seashore. The visitor center has exhibits which explain the fort&#39;s history. Visitors can tour the restored fort and the battery. Tours of the advanced redoubt are also available. Visitors must receive permission at the security checkpoint of Naval Air Station Pensacola to pass through the grounds of the base to reach the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Beaumont Hotel is a hotel complex in Ouray, Colorado and is on the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ouray Real Estate and Building Association started construction on the Beaumont Hotel on 5 July 1886, completing it on December 15, 1886 at a cost of $75,000. Palmer House supplied employees for the grand opening, on July 25, 1887. All of the original furniture was made by Marshall Field&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The Beaumont was one of the first hotels in the country to be wired for alternating current electricity. It had guests such as Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover. The hotel closed in 1964 due to declining tourism in the area. For over 30 years the hotel sat empty, boarded up and in disrepair. At one point part of the roof collapsed and more than once the building was considered for condemnation. The hotel was sold in 1998 and was restored, its multiple rooms combined into a more spacious arrangement — the large hotel building now has just 12 guest rooms. It reopened in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architectural style of the hotel is a mix of Victorian, Queen Anne and French Second Empire with a slate Mansard roof. Contrary to popular belief, the Beaumont hotel is not a replica of Brown Palace in Denver. In fact, The Brown Palace was not built until after the Beaumont.</p><br>
<p>The prominent feature inside the three-story brick building is a grand staircase leading into the lobby. A rosewood dining room occupies almost half of the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>On a cornerstone of the building at the corner of Main Street and 5th Avenue is a benchmark from the United States Geological Survey with an elevation of 7,800 feet (2377 m) above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Marble House, a Gilded Age mansion located at 596 Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island, was built from 1888 to 1892 as a summer cottage for Alva and William Kissam Vanderbilt and was designed by Richard Morris Hunt in the Beaux Arts style. It was unparalleled in opulence for an American house when it was completed in 1892. Its temple-front portico has been compared to that of the White House.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. It is now open to the public as a museum run by the Newport Preservation Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built as a summer "cottage" between 1888 and 1892 for Alva and William Kissam Vanderbilt. It was a social landmark that helped spark the transformation of Newport from a relatively relaxed summer colony of wooden houses to its current image as a resort of opulent stone palaces. The fifty-room mansion required a staff of 36 servants, including butlers, maids, coachmen, and footmen. The mansion cost $11 million (equivalent to $ million in ); $660 million in gold-dollar equivalence (1890 $20 double eagle gold coin) of which $7 million was spent on 500,000 cubic feet (14,000 m) of marble. Vanderbilt&#39;s older brother Cornelius Vanderbilt II subsequently built the largest of the Newport cottages, The Breakers, between 1893 and 1895.</p><br>
<p>When Alva Vanderbilt divorced William in 1895, she already owned Marble House outright, having received it as her 39th birthday present. Upon her remarriage in 1896 to Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont, she relocated down the street to Belmonts mansion, Belcourt. After his death, she reopened Marble House and added the Chinese Tea House on the seaside cliff, where she hosted rallies for womens suffrage.</p><br>
<p>Alva Belmont closed the mansion permanently in 1919, when she relocated to France to be closer to her daughter, Consuelo Balsan. There she divided her time between a Paris townhouse, a villa on the Riviera, and the Château dAugerville, which she restored. She sold the house to Frederick H. Prince in 1932, less than a year before her death. For more than 30 years, the Prince family carefully occupied the house during Newports summer season, taking special efforts to leave the vast majority of the interior intact as the Vanderbilts had originally intended. One notable event that occurred in the Marble House during the Prince familys residency was the famed Tiffany Ball in July 1957, sponsored by Tiffany & Company and held to benefit the relatively new Preservation Society of Newport County. Continuing late into the early morning hours, the ball welcomed internationally known guests including then Senator John F. Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy; Mr. and Mrs. E. Sheldon Whitehouse; the Astors; and Count Anthony and Countess Sylvia Szapary of the Vanderbilt family. During their summer occupancies, to help preserve the integrity of Marble Houses famed interiors, the Princes primarily resided in smaller quarters in the buildings third floor, which had formerly been used for servant housing during the Vanderbilts time. In 1963, the Preservation Society of Newport County purchased the house from the Prince Trust, with funding provided by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, the Vanderbilt couple&#39;s youngest son. Through the Prince Trust, the Prince family donated virtually all original furniture for the house directly to the Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1971. The Department of the Interior designated it as a National Historic Landmark on February 17, 2006. The Bellevue Avenue Historic District, which includes Marble House and many other historic Newport mansions, was added to the Register on December 8, 1972, and subsequently designated as a National Historic Landmark District on May 11, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The mansion still stands in great visible condition and is used for many things such as guided and non-guided tours, as well as hosting various special events, parties, and weddings. The Marble House is one of the more popular tourist destinations in Newport, RI. In keeping with custom of the time, the Vanderbilts also commissioned a sizeable carriage house to be built for Marble House diagonally across Bellevue Avenue, on what is now known as Rovensky Avenue. The Carriage House abuts Rovensky Park, which is maintained by The Preservation Society of Newport County. The Carriage House property is currently privately owned and has been converted for residential use.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Marble House, one of the earliest examples of Beaux-Arts architecture in the United States, is loosely inspired by the Petit Trianon at the Palace of Versailles.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is U-shaped and, while it appears to be two stories, it actually has four levels: the kitchen and other service areas are located in the basement; reception rooms are on the ground floor; bedrooms are on the second floor; and servant quarters are on the concealed third floor. Load-bearing walls are brick, with their exterior sides faced in white Westchester marble, which Hunt detailed in the manner of French neoclassical architecture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The facade of the mansion features bays that are defined by two story Corinthian pilasters. These frame arched windows on the ground floor and rectangular ones on the second occupy most of the facade. A curved marble carriage ramp, fronted by a semi-circular fountain with grotesque masks, spans the entire western facade. The masks serve as water spouts. The center of this facade, facing Bellevue Avenue, features a monumental tetrastyle Corinthian portico. The north and south facades match the western in basic design. The eastern facade, facing the Atlantic Ocean, is divided into a wing on each side. These wings semi-enclose a marble terrace and are surrounded by a marble balustrade on the ground floor level. The inset central portion of this facade differs from the others, with four bays of ground floor doors topped by second floor arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a number of notable rooms. Entrance into the mansion is through one of two French Baroque-style doors, each weighing a ton and a half. Both are embellished by the monogram "WV" set into an oval medallion. They were made at the John Williams Bronze Foundry in New York. The Stair Hall is a two-story room that features walls and a grand staircase of yellow Siena marble, with a wrought iron and gilt bronze staircase railing. The railing is based on models at Versailles. An 18th-century Venetian ceiling painting featuring gods and goddesses adorns the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Architect Richard Morris Hunt hired Giuseppe Moretti to produce the interiors marble friezes and statuary, including work on bas-reliefs of Hunt and Jules Hardouin Mansart, the master architect for Louis XIV during the construction of Palace of Versailles; and which stood side by side on the mezzanine level of the staircase. The Grand Salon, designed by Allard and Sons, served as a ballroom and reception room. Designed in the Louis XIV style, it features green silk cut velvet upholstery and draperies. The originals were made by Prelle. The walls are carved wood and gold gilt panels representing scenes from classical mythology, inspired by the panels and trophies adorning the Galerie dApollon at the Louvre. The ceiling features an 18th-century French painting in the manner of Pietro da Cortona depicting Minerva, with a surround adapted from the ceiling of the Queen&#39;s Bedroom at Versailles.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Room, in the Gothic Revival-style, was designed to display Alva Vanderbilts collection of Medieval and Renaissance decorative objects. The stone fireplace in the room was copied by Allard and Sons from one in the Jacques Cœur House in Bourges. The furniture was by Gilbert Cuel. The Library is in the Rococo-style. It served as both a morning room and library. The doors and bookcases, in carved walnut, were a collaboration between Allard and Cuel. The Dining Room features pink Numidian marble and gilt bronze capitals and trophies. The fireplace is a replica of the one in the Salon dHercule at Versailles. The ceiling is decorated painted with a hunting and fishing motif, with an 18th-century French ceiling in the center. Mrs. Vanderbilt&#39;s Bedroom, on the second floor, is in the Louis XIV style. The ceiling in this room is adorned with a circular ceiling painting of Athena, painted circa 1721 by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini. It was originally in the library of the Palazzo Pisani Moretta in Venice.</p><br>
<h2>Filming location</h2><br>
<p>The interiors of the mansion have appeared in several films or television series. Scenes appearing in the 1972–73 television series, America, the 1974 film, The Great Gatsby, the 1995 miniseries The Buccaneers, the 1997 film Amistad, and the 2008 film 27 Dresses were shot here. More recently, Victoria&#39;s Secret filmed one of their 2012 holiday commercials here.</p><br>
<p>Chateau-sur-Mer is one of the first grand Bellevue Avenue mansions of the Gilded Age in Newport, Rhode Island. Located at 474 Bellevue Avenue, it is now owned by the Preservation Society of Newport County and is open to the public as a museum. Chateau-sur-Mer&#39;s grand scale and lavish parties ushered in the Gilded Age of Newport, as it was the most palatial residence in Newport until the Vanderbilt houses in the 1890s. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Chateau-sur-Mer was completed in 1852 as an Italianate villa for William Shepard Wetmore, a merchant in the Old China Trade originally of St. Albans, Vermont. The architect and builder was Seth C. Bradford, and the structure is constructed of Fall River Granite. It is regarded as a landmark of Victorian architecture, furniture, wallpapers, ceramics, and stenciling.</p><br>
<p>Wetmore died on June 16, 1862, at Chateau-sur-Mer, leaving the bulk of his fortune to his son George Peabody Wetmore. George married Edith Keteltas in 1869. During the 1870s, the Wetmores departed on an extended trip to Europe, leaving architect Richard Morris Hunt to remodel and redecorate the house in the French Second Empire style. As a result, Chateau-sur-Mer displays most of the major design trends of the last half of the 19th century. Hunts alterations greatly expanded the house, adding a new three-story wing, a porte-cochere, and a projecting four-story tower with mansard roof. The carriage house was also enlarged, in a manner sympathetic to Bradfords original design. Hunt also designed the entrance gate of the estate which is somewhat Greek Revival in style, but with posts modeled after Egyptian obelisks.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the mansions interior is its great hall, a massive three-story chamber with a 45 ft ceiling and broad balconies. The billiard room is in the Eastlake style, with oak timbers aligned diagonally on the ceiling and herringbone flooring. The library has an Italianate design and was actually designed and built in Italy, then disassembled and transported to Newport. The marble hallway originally served as the houses main entrance and is finished with a variety of different marble colors. It was closed off in 1920 by replacing the main door with a bay window. The green room served as a ladies reception area and was designed in 1900 by Ogden Codman, Jr. in the Louis XV style. The ballroom is decorated with crystal chandeliers and fine plaster, one of the few rooms that remained relatively unaltered by Hunts work. The dining room is in Renaissance Revival style and was also built in Italy.</p><br>
<p>Chateau-sur-Mer was one of the few Newport "cottages" built as a year-round residence, unlike most of the others built during this period, because the Wetmores were a New England family who made Newport their home. George was very active in Rhode Island politics during the late 19th century and a lifelong Republican. He was a member of the Electoral College of 1880 and again in 1884; he was elected Governor of Rhode Island in 1885 and went on to win re-election in 1886, but he was defeated in an attempt for a third term in 1887. In 1894, the Rhode Island General Assembly elected him to the United States Senate, where he remained until 1913.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1968 and purchased by the Preservation Society of Newport County in 1969. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The former carriage house and stables for the Chateau-Sur-Mer estate are owned by Salve Regina University and are currently being renovated as a center for visual art and preservation known as the Antone Center.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Smith Memorial Building , originally called the Hotel Utah, is a social center located on the corner of Main Street and South Temple in Salt Lake City. It is named in honor of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. It previously housed several restaurants and also functioned as a venue for events, although it was closed in 2023 for extensive renovations, expected to be completed in 2025. Several levels of the building have also been administrative offices for departments of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , such as FamilySearch. On January 3, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Hotel Utah.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The corner of Main Street and South Temple has long been important in Utah history. Prior to construction of the Hotel Utah from 1909 to 1911, the general tithing office of the LDS Church, a bishop&#39;s storehouse, and the Deseret News printing plant all were located on the site.</p><br>
<p>Work on the Second Renaissance Revival style hotel, designed by the Los Angeles architectural firm of Parkinson and Bergstrom, began in June 1909. Two years later, on June 9, 1911, the Hotel Utah opened for business. While the LDS Church was the primary stockholder, many community and business leaders, both church members and those who were not, purchased stock in the effort to provide the city with a first-class hotel.</p><br>
<p>"The largest and finest bar in the West in the basement of the Hotel" to pay off a $2 million construction loan. The financing was secured by the LDS Church&#39;s presiding bishop, Charles W. Nibley, from New York financier Charles Baruch.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the hotel allowed black employees, but no black guests. This policy extended to famous entertainers. Lillian Evanti, Harry Belafonte, Marian Anderson, and Ella Fitzgerald were all denied hotel rooms. Anderson was eventually allowed to stay at the Hotel, on condition that she did not use the elevator and eat her meals in her hotel room.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, the first non-white professional basketball player, Wataru Misaka, signed his first NBA contract at this hotel. At the time of his signing, according to Misaka, nonwhites were not allowed to stay in this hotel.</p><br>
<p>The ten-story building has a concrete and steel structure and is covered with white glazed terra cotta and brick. Various additions and remodelings have occurred throughout the years, including a substantial expansion to the north and modifications to the roof-top dining facilities.</p><br>
<p>It was featured in the 1973 film "Harry in Your Pocket" starring James Coburn.</p><br>
<p>The building ceased operations as a hotel in August 1987. A major remodeling and adaptive reuse project to accommodate both community and church functions was completed in 1993. Church leader Gordon B. Hinckley chose the name when he observed that there were many monuments to pioneer leader and Utah founder Brigham Young, but none to Joseph Smith.</p><br>
<p>The building was decorated with the words "SALT LAKE 2002" during the Winter Olympics.</p><br>
<p>2011 marked the celebration of 100 years since initial construction was completed on the Hotel Utah.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd is a 67-minute film shot in 65 mm and produced by the LDS Church. It depicts the life of Jesus in Jerusalem correlated to the events described in the Book of Mormon from approximately the same time period. The films climax occurs after Christs resurrection, when Jesus appears in the Americas. The movie was originally shown in the Legacy Theater on a 62x31 foot screen. It replaced Legacy: A Mormon Journey as the flagship JSMB feature in March 2000. The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd was later replaced in the theater by Joseph Smith: The Prophet of the Restoration, a film commemorating the 200th anniversary of Smith&#39;s birth.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building currently hosts:</p><br>
<p>A large, historical, ornately decorated multi-story lobby, featuring a large white statue of Joseph Smith, and an enormous crystal chandelier. Live classical music is often performed here as background.</p><br>
<p>A FamilySearch center, where the public can use the provided computers and materials to do family history research and genealogy.</p><br>
<p>The Legacy Theater, where the public can view regularly scheduled free showings of various church-produced movies. The theater originally showed Legacy: A Mormon Journey and subsequently has also shown The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd, Joseph Smith: Prophet of the Restoration, and Meet the Mormons.</p><br>
<p>Two restaurants, The Roof and The Garden, on the top (tenth) floor.</p><br>
<p>There is a chapel used for the Sunday services of local wards. The chapel contains a Casavant Frères pipe organ with 2,484 pipes in 45 ranks across two manuals. The organ is characterized by a French accent.</p><br>
<p>A pair of peregrine falcons returns yearly to nest in a nest box at the top of the building, which has two webcams installed in it, viewable to the public.</p><br>
<p>Coochs Bridge is a historic district located at Old Baltimore Pike, Newark, Delaware, and is the site of the 1777 Battle of Coochs Bridge. While there are several modern bridges near the site of the battle, the original bridge was in poor shape in 1777, and did not survive the American Revolution.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Cooch&#39;s Bridge</h2><br>
<p>Fought on September 3, 1777, the Battle of Cooch&#39;s Bridge has two principal distinctions. It was the only battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on Delaware soil, and has been called the first time that the Stars and Stripes was flown in battle. This second claim is based on circumstantial evidence and has since been called into question.</p><br>
<p>The battle was fought between British and Hessian troops under Generals Cornwallis, Howe, and Knyphausen and the Colonial troops under General Washington.</p><br>
<p>The engagement began August 30, about two miles (3 km) south of the bridge. The Americans harried the lead forces of the British Army using guerrilla techniques learned from the Native Americans. However, the roughly 700 Colonials were greatly outmanned and outgunned, and were driven back by the advancing British.</p><br>
<p>By September 3 the Colonials had dropped back to Cooch&#39;s Bridge. A handpicked regiment of 100 marksmen under General William Maxwell laid an ambush in the surrounding cover. Over the ensuing battle, several British and Hessian charges were repelled, but the Americans soon depleted their ammunition and called a retreat.</p><br>
<p>The property was taken by the British and several buildings were burned. General Cornwallis used the Cooch house as his headquarters for the next week as the British regrouped. American casualties numbered around 30.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after General Howe moved his troops out. On September 11 he defeated the Colonials in the Battle of Brandywine and subsequently captured the Colonial capital of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h2>Signage</h2><br>
<p>There are two sets of monuments/signs:</p><br>
<p>in the Pencader Heritage Museum parking lot: 39.63966&deg; latitude, -75.72999&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>across the railroad tracks on Dayett Mills Road, just south of the Old Baltimore Pike: 39.64103&deg; latitude, -75.73234&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Camp Randall was a United States Army base in Madison, Wisconsin, the largest staging point for Wisconsin troops entering the American Civil War. At this camp fresh volunteers received quick training before heading off to join the Union Army. Also located on the grounds were a hospital and briefly a prisoner-of-war camp for captured Confederate soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Today the camp&#39;s land is split between UW athletic buildings including Camp Randall Stadium, the College of Engineering, and Camp Randall Memorial Park with its historic and memorial displays.</p><br>
<h2>Training/Mustering camp</h2><br>
<p>When the Civil War broke out after the fall of Fort Sumter in April 1861, President Lincoln called for troops from the state militias to put down the rebellion. He initially asked Wisconsin for one regiment of 780 men for three months. Wisconsin Governor Alexander Randall, a strong abolitionist, promptly pledged that first regiment to the Union cause, and more to come. The first regiment of volunteers organized at Camp Scott in Milwaukee. The second regiment organized in Madison, but the majority ended up mustering at Camp Randall - 70,000 of the 91,000 who served from Wisconsin over the course of the war.</p><br>
<p>Just a few years before the war, in 1858 and 1860, the camps flat open area on what was then the west side of Madison had hosted the Wisconsin State Fair. With the outbreak of war, the Wisconsin Agricultural Society provided its fairground to be used as a training camp. Some of the new recruits bunked in what had been the State Fairs cattle sheds, while others lived in tents. The fairs machinery exhibit building was converted to a mess hall that could feed 3,000 men at a time. And the fairs Floral Hall held the hospital and officers&#39; quarters. An eight foot fence surrounded the 10-acre camp, with two manned gates. One of those gates was where the Memorial Arch stands now.</p><br>
<p>The typical recruits day at Camp Randall began at 5am with a cannon shot that woke thousands. The men had volunteered from around the state, arriving in companies of 100. Each company typically came from one region - students and young businessmen from Madison, farm-boys from Delton, lumberjacks from Eau Claire, etc. Ten companies formed each regiment of a thousand recruits. The camp could handle several regiments at once. The recruits mornings and afternoons were largely spent drilling - learning marching, muskets, cooking in the field, and discipline. Most of the recruits were young unmarried fellows, seventeen to twenty-one years old, with no military experience. In some cases older veterans of the Mexican War or European wars ran the drills for the green recruits. Once the recruits had uniforms, a dress parade was common in the evening, sometimes admired by visitors from town. Later in the candle-lit barracks men played cards, told stories, sang, read newspapers, and read letters from home.</p><br>
<p>A company from Eau Claire bought a young bald eagle on their way to Camp Randall, and he became Old Abe, the famous mascot of the 8th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. Less well-known, a pet black bear named Bruin came along to Camp Randall with Harlan Squires, a 16-year-old recruit from Delton. Bruin became a mascot and pet of the 12th Regiment. They built him a shelter at Camp Randall and a 12-foot post to climb while they trained.</p><br>
<p>But not all was noble, orderly, and whimsical. Soldiers wrote home complaining of fleas in their straw bedding, of cold guard duty in January, and of getting sick from being fed spoiled beef. Some caused a ruckus in town while out on pass. Some spent their idle time drinking and gambling. Some even spent time locked in the guardhouse.</p><br>
<p>Training for a regiment lasted "from a few weeks to two months or more." When training finished and the early regiments left for duty, they were celebrated with speeches from notables, brass bands, church bells, and large crowds. As the war dragged on, the send-off celebrations for later regiments continued, but became less elaborate.</p><br>
<p>The units that mustered at Camp Randall fought in important battles of the war, including the First Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, and the Wilderness campaign, and many gave their lives. Fresh replacement troops to fill in for soldiers lost or discharged were also trained at Camp Randall. As surviving Wisconsin soldiers completed their tours, which were now three years, most of the troops that trained at Camp Randall returned there for mustering out.</p><br>
<h2>Prison camp</h2><br>
<p>In April 1862, Union forces captured thousands of Confederate soldiers at Island No. 10 on the Mississippi River in southern Missouri. About 1200 of them were sent to Camp Randall - mostly from the 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment, along with some from Tennessee, Arkansas, and other places. Some had been injured or sick to begin with, and all suffered an eight-day ride on an overcrowded boat up the Mississippi. A rough barracks was set up for the prisoners and the 19th Regiment was sent over from Racine to guard them.</p><br>
<p>Conditions in camp were generally decent for a Civil War POW stockade, but not good. The army scrimped on rations, prisoners fought each other, there was antagonism between prisoners and guards, the hospital was overloaded so that sick prisoners lay on the floor, and prisoners died at an alarming rate. The camp didn&#39;t have a good fence, so some healthy prisoners just walked out. The prisoners who died at Camp Randall were buried in a mass grave at Forest Hill Cemetery, commemorated at Confederate Rest.</p><br>
<h2>Since the war</h2><br>
<p>After the war the army camp was deactivated and its open area was used intermittently for the Barnum circus and the Dane County Fair, until that fair moved to a different site. There was talk of splitting the parcel into city lots to sell, but the Civil War veterans who had trained there objected. The site was purchased by the state of Wisconsin in 1893 and deeded to the University of Wisconsin. Football play began there in 1895.</p><br>
<p>Of the original 53½ acres, a segment was set aside as Camp Randall Park in 1911. The Memorial Arch was added in 1912, fifty years after the war, located where one of the camp&#39;s gates stood, where soldiers would have entered and left. It was designed by Lew F. Porter, with a statue on the left of a young Civil War recruit, and a statue on the right of an aging Civil War veteran in 1912. The arch is topped with a statue of the mascot eagle Old Abe.</p><br>
<p>Another portion was used for Camp Randall Stadium, begun in 1916 as an outdoor football stadium for the university and expanded many times since. The UW Field House was added on the original property in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 Camp Randall Memorial Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "the site most significantly associated with Wisconsin&#39;s participation in the Civil War." The plaque under Memorial Arch reads:</p><br>
<p>Erected by</p><br>
<p>STATE OF WISCONSIN</p><br>
<p>to mark the entrance</p><br>
<p>through which passed</p><br>
<p>seventy thousand of</p><br>
<p>her soldier sons and</p><br>
<p>five hundred thousand</p><br>
<p>relatives and friends</p><br>
<p>during the war from</p><br>
<p>1861 to 1865</p><br>
<p>"Lest we forget"</p><br>
<p>MDCCCCXII</p><br>
<p>Lizard Mound State Park is a state park in the Town of Farmington, Washington County, Wisconsin near the city of West Bend. The park contains a significant well-preserved effigy mound group, representing one of the largest and best-preserved collections of such mounds in the state. Mounds in the park are the subject of at least two different listings on the National Register of Historic Places, one encompassing the park as a whole, and another which includes a larger set of regional mounds. Established in 1950, the park was acquired by Washington County from the state of Wisconsin in 1986, and was returned to the state in 2021. It is now managed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h2>Information</h2><br>
<p>Lizard Mound State Park is located in the Town of Farmington, north of West Bend, Wisconsin on County Trunk "A", one mile east of State Highway 144. Established in 1950, the park was acquired by Washington County from the State of Wisconsin in 1986. The park contains 28 effigy mounds in an excellent state of preservation, reputedly one of the best effigy mound groups remaining in Wisconsin. A self-guided anthropological nature trail winds around the park. Trail markers reveal information about the extinct culture that built the mounds. An unusually beautiful group of mounds, each is of prominent height and careful construction. Most of the mounds rise more than three feet above the ground surface. The variety of mound shapes found in the park is considered unusual. Two are large bird effigy mounds and seven are long-tailed animal forms. These long-tailed effigies are usually referred to as "panther" effigies. One of the 28 mounds is named "Lizard Mound". This mound might have been intended to represent the same animal, whether a panther or something else, but in a spread eagle posture that shows all four limbs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mound Builders lived in Wisconsin and bordering states between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1000. They survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. They moved from place to place often. In the summer they could be found closer to rivers and lakes, while in the winter they moved into sheltered upland valleys. They built burial and effigy mounds shaped like mammals, reptiles, birds and other creatures, both real and mythical. They also constructed conical, oval and linear mounds. The effigy mound builders usually buried their dead in small pits or laid them on carefully prepared surfaces. The mounds were then built over them like grave markers. The custom of building effigy burial mounds died out about 1000 years ago; it was a custom unique to the general area. Little else is known about the Mound Builders. Even Indians who lived in Wisconsin when the first white men arrived didn&#39;t know why, or by whom, the mounds had been built. According to a sign located inside the park, the mounds were possibly constructed between A.D. 650 and A.D. 1300.</p><br>
<p>The earliest data concerning the mounds in the area of Lizard Mound State Park was in the form of a sketch map resulting from field investigations made by Professor Julius L. Torney of Milwaukee in 1883. In his sketch of the mound group, Torney illustrated a total of 47 Indian mounds. He also indicated that a number of the earthworks had been destroyed prior to the time that he drew his map. The original group probably consisted of at least 60 mounds, including many of the well known effigy shapes.</p><br>
<p>Archeological explorations conducted in 1960 revealed that the dead were placed in pits, with the effigy mounds built over the pits. Artifacts such as clay pots, projectile points, pipes, bone harpoons and beads were sometimes placed with the dead. It has been speculated that the shapes of the mounds had a religious or clan significance, but no one knows for sure.</p><br>
<p>Excavations of Effigy Mound Builders&#39; village sites indicated they lived in small nomadic groups, hunted, fished, gathered fruits and nuts, fashioned tools of stone, wood, bone and copper, made pottery and may have been the first people in Wisconsin to use the bow and arrow.</p><br>
<p>No other group of mounds in Wisconsin is so well preserved, so diverse in form, or exhibits such outstanding examples of the prehistoric art of mound construction.</p><br>
<p>The Phoenix Shot Tower, also known as the Old Baltimore Shot Tower, is a red brick shot tower, 234.25 ft tall, located near the downtown, Jonestown , and Little Italy communities of East Baltimore, in Maryland. When it was completed in 1828 it was the tallest structure in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The tower was originally the "Phoenix Shot Tower", then the "Merchants&#39; Shot Tower", and is also sometimes called the "Old Baltimore Shot Tower". It is the only surviving shot tower among four that existed in Baltimore. The structure was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 11, 1971 and as a local Baltimore City Landmark on October 14, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Shot Tower lends its name to the nearby Shot Tower station on the Baltimore Metro subway line. The original basketball team Baltimore Bullets was named in honor of the tower&#39;s role in producing shot, as was the team that became the Washington Wizards.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The tower was built by Jacob Wolfe using bricks manufactured by the Burns and Russell Company of Baltimore. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a Roman Catholic lay leader, wealthiest man in America at that time and the only surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, laid its cornerstone on 4 July 1828. It was completed the same year.</p><br>
<p>The circular brick structure&#39;s walls are 4.5 ft thick from the bottom to about 50 ft up; then they narrow in stages of 4 in each, until reaching a thickness of 21 in at the top.</p><br>
<h2>Production</h2><br>
<p>Molten lead was dropped from a platform at the top of the tower, through a sieve-like device, into a vat of cold water at the bottom of the tower to produce "drop shot" for muskets. When hardened, dried, and polished, the shot was sorted into 25-pound bags. The annual production was about 100,000 bags of shot, with the capability of doubling that in case of high demand.</p><br>
<p>The tower stopped producing shot in 1892,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower remained the tallest structure in the United States until 1846, when Trinity Church, New York on Wall Street was erected, and the tallest in Baltimore until the completion of the spire of the First Presbyterian Church at West Madison Street and Park Avenue in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The shot tower was originally owned by the Merchants&#39; Shot Tower Company which closed in 1898.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the tower was purchased for $14,500 by the Union Oil Company, which planned to tear it down and put a gas station in its place. After strong objections by the community, by 1928 enough money had been raised to purchase the tower and present it to the City of Baltimore as one of its first preserved local historic landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The tower was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 and a bronze plaque was attached to the tower&#39;s brick wall at the base. In the early 1980s, the management, exhibits, and tours were combined with those of the former Peale Museum. In 1985, other historic sites and homes were added to the newly created Baltimore City Life Museums system. The BCLM was closed in 1997, and in 2002 Carroll Museums Inc. was created to manage both the Carroll Mansion and the Shot Tower.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Ashe Boulevard  is a historic street in the near the West End of Richmond, Virginia, providing access to Byrd Park. It serves as the border between the Carytown/Museum District to the west and the Fan district to the east. Attempts were made to rename the street after Arthur Ashe, a tennis star and social activist who was born and grew up in Richmond, but previous attempts failed until February 2019 when Richmond City Council voted in favor of changing the name to Arthur Ashe Boulevard. Near the south end is Richmond&#39;s Boulevard Bridge  across the James River. Arthur Ashe Boulevard intersects with main arteries Cary Street, Main Street, Monument Avenue, Broad Street , Leigh Street, and Interstate 64/95, and terminates at Hermitage Road. The Diamond is located on Arthur Ashe Boulevard. The intersection of Arthur Ashe Boulevard and Monument Avenue featured a statue of Stonewall Jackson.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Ashe Boulevard is designated as State Route 161, a route promoted in the 1940s and 1950s as an alternate bypass route before the Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike and Interstate 95 were built, connecting with USA Route 1 north and south of downtown Richmond.</p><br>
<p>In 2019 American artist Kehinde Wiley&#39;s outdoor sculpture Rumors of War was erected adjacent to Arthur Ashe Boulevard. It is part of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts permanent art collection. It stands between the museum and the United Daughters of the Confederacy headquarters. The sculpture was created by Wiley as a response to the J.E.B. Stuart monument and the other Confederate equestrian statues on Monument Avenue, all of which have since been removed by the city.</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Pottery & Tile Works  is a history museum which is located in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. It is owned by the County of Bucks, and operated by TileWorks of Bucks County, a 501c3 non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The museum was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was later included in a National Historic Landmark District along with the Mercer Museum and Fonthill. These three structures are the only cast-in-place concrete structures built by Mercer.</p><br>
<h2>History and museum features</h2><br>
<p>Handmade tiles are still produced in a manner similar to that developed by the pottery&#39;s founder and builder, Henry Chapman Mercer. Tile designs are reissues of original designs. Mercer was a major proponent of the Arts and Crafts movement in America. He directed the work at the pottery from 1898 until his death in 1930.</p><br>
<p>Mercer generally did not affix a potter&#39;s mark to tiles made while he directed the work at MPTW. Following his death, there were several marks used to indicate that a tile had originated at MPTW.</p><br>
<p>When the Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation took over the MPTW as a working museum, all tiles made by the museum were impressed on the obverse with a stylized "MOR," the words "Bucks County" and the year of manufacture.</p><br>
<p>The reproduction tiles made today are made using Mercers original molds, clay that is obtained locally and has properties similar to those of Mercers original source, slips and glazes that follow Mercer&#39;s final formulations, although some have been modified to reduce the lead and heavy metal content to less toxic levels.</p><br>
<p>The Tile Works is one of three cast-in-place concrete structures built by Mercer. The others include Fonthill, which is located on the same property and served as his home; and the Mercer Museum, located approximately one mile away.</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works offers workshops and an apprenticeship program to teach the art of handcrafting ceramic tiles and mosaics.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sumner was a military fort in New Mexico Territory charged with the internment of Navajo and Mescalero Apache populations from 1863 to 1868 at nearby Bosque Redondo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On October 31, 1862, Congress authorized the construction of Fort Sumner. General James Henry Carleton initially justified the fort as offering protection to settlers in the Pecos River valley from the Mescalero Apache, Kiowa, and Comanche. He also created the Bosque Redondo reservation, a 1,600 square miles area where over 9,000 Navajo and Mescalero Apache were forced to live because of accusations that they were raiding white settlements near their respective homelands. The fort was named for General Edwin Vose Sumner.</p><br>
<p>The reservation was to be self-sufficient, while teaching Navajo and Mescalero Apache how to be modern farmers. General Edward Canby, whom Carleton replaced, had first suggested that the Navajo people be moved to a series of reservations and be taught new skills. Some in Washington, D.C. thought that the Navajo should not be moved and that a reservation should be created on their own land. Some New Mexico citizens encouraged killing the Navajo or at least removing them from their lands. The 1865 and 1866 corn crop was sufficient, but in 1867 it was a total failure. Army officers and Indian agents realized that Bosque Redondo was a failure, as it had poor water and too little firewood for the numbers of people who were living there. The Mescalero soon ran away; the Navajo stayed longer, but were permitted to return to their native lands in May 1868.</p><br>
<p>When the Bosque Redondo was established, General Carleton ordered Colonel Kit Carson to do whatever necessary to bring first the Mescalero and then the Navajo there. All of the Mescalero Apache had been relocated by the end of 1862, but the Navajo were not resettled in large numbers until early 1864. The Navajo refer to the journey from Navajo land to the Bosque Redondo as the Long Walk. More than 300 Navajo died making the journey. It was a bitter memory to many Navajo. One man described it as follows: "By slow stages we traveled eastward by present Gallup and Shushbito, Bear spring, which is now called Fort Wingate. You ask how they treated us? If there was room the soldiers put the women and children on the wagons. Some even let them ride behind them on their horses. I have never been able to understand a people who killed you one day and on the next played with your children...?"</p><br>
<p>In April 1865, there were about 8,500 Navajo and 500 Mescalero Apache interned at Bosque Redondo. The Army had planned only 5,000 would be there, so lack of sufficient food was an issue from the start. As the Navajo and Mescalero Apache had long been enemies, their enforced proximity led to frequent open fighting. The environmental situation worsened. The interned people did not have clean water; it was full of alkali and there was no firewood to cook with. The water from the nearby Pecos River caused severe intestinal problems, and disease quickly spread throughout the camp. Food was in short supply because of crop failures, Army and Indian agent bungling, and criminal activities. In 1865, the Mescalero Apache, or those strong enough to travel, managed to escape. The Navajo were not allowed to leave until May 1868 when the US Army agreed that Fort Sumner and the Bosque Redondo reservation was a failure.</p><br>
<p>The 1868 Treaty of Bosque Redondo was negotiated with the Navajo and they were allowed to return to their homeland, to a "new reservation". They were joined by the thousands of Navajo who had been hiding out in the Arizona Territory hinterlands. This experience resulted in a more determined Navajo, and never again were they surprised by raiders of the Rio Grande Valley. In subsequent years, they have expanded the "new reservation" into well over 16 million acres (65,000 km).</p><br>
<p>Fort Sumner was abandoned in 1869 and purchased by rancher and cattle baron Lucien Maxwell. Maxwell rebuilt one of the officers&#39; quarters into a 20-room house. On July 14, 1881, Sheriff Pat Garrett shot and killed Billy the Kid in this house, now referred to as the Maxwell House.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Sumner Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>A hundred years after the signing of the treaty that allowed the Navajo people to return to their original homes in the Four Corners region, Fort Sumner was declared a New Mexico State Monument in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The property is now managed by the New Mexico Historic Sites (formerly State Monuments) division of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. On June 4, 2005, a new museum designed by Navajo architect David N. Sloan was opened on the site as the Bosque Redondo Memorial. Congress had authorized the establishment of the memorial by the Secretary of Defense in 2000, making federal funds available for construction.</p><br>
<p>The Bosque Redondo Memorial and Fort Sumner Historic Site are located 6.5 mi southeast of Fort Sumner, New Mexico: 3 mi east on US Route 60/US Route 84, then 3.5 mi south on Billy the Kid Road.</p><br>
<p>Hollin Hills is a historic district and neighborhood approximately 10 miles south of Alexandria, Virginia. Though mailing addresses in Hollin Hills are listed as being in Alexandria, it is actually in an unincorporated part of southeast Fairfax County, Virginia. It is located primarily in the Fort Hunt area of the county with some portions remaining in the Hybla Valley and Groveton areas since a shift for census purposes prior to 2010. The community contains more than 30 acre of parkland across seven distinct parks, a pool and swim club, a bocce court, and a pickleball and tennis club, operated and maintained by the Civic Association of Hollin Hills .</p><br>
<p>Principally designed by Charles M. Goodman and developed by Robert C. Davenport in the 1940s, it was one of the Washington, D.C. areas first post-war modernist architecture developments, combined with natural landscape designs between 1949 and 1971. Davenport purchased the original 225 acre of hilly, undeveloped land for $550/acre (present value:$/acre). As home sales and national acclaim grew, he then acquired another 101 acre in 1956, and constructed more homes until the "New Hollin Hills" was completed in 1971. In all, roughly 450 houses with contemporary construction techniques and landscape plans were established in northern Virginia, offsetting the areas more common Colonial Revival homes. Today, the neighborhood is known primarily for its mid-century modern architecture homes, each is uniquely oriented on its lot to maximize its privacy and landscape view, with sight lines intentionally chosen to enhance the common space shared by each structure. These design tenets have remained very cohesive because of a long-standing design review committee that advises on building or modification of existing houses, and starting in 2022, its designation as the Hollin Hills Historic Overlay District (HOD), which requires modifications and additions to be reviewed by Fairfax County Architectural Review Board.</p><br>
<p>The Hollin Hills Historic District is a 326 acre residential neighborhood encompassing 468 contributing buildings, five contributing sites, and three contributing structures for its 2013 designation in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places. The boundaries of Hollin Hills reflect the initial purchase of the 225 acres in 1946 as the site for a residential suburb and the neighborhood&#39;s 1956 expansion by Robert Davenport that added 101 acres to the southwest of the original section. The historic district encompasses all of the present 326 acre of Hollin Hills, composed of single-family dwellings, parks, and recreational areas.</p><br>
<p>Residents have Alexandria mailing addresses with ZIP codes 22306 or 22307.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron appointed land agents who lived on the Northern Neck to sell parcels from what became known as the Fairfax Grant. The land agents for the proprietor included Philip Ludwell, George Brent, and William Fitzhugh. They processed the paperwork for Northern Neck grants (i.e., land sales) rather than the Secretary and Governor in Jamestown/Williamsburg. Based on pre-1742 maps of the Patents and Northern Neck Grants of Fairfax County, the land of present-day Hollin Hills sat on land once owned by land agent, George Brent.</p><br>
<p>Based on an 1862 Union engineer map (VREF 975.52 U 1862 DC.), known as the “McDowell map”, Hollin Hills sat near Sparrow Hill, which later formed Popkins Farm.</p><br>
<h3>1949 to present</h3><br>
<p>When Davenport acquired the original tract, he intended the name "Hollin Hills" as a variation of the 18th-century Hollin Hall Plantation, originally owned by George Mason, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights." General Mason named his lands after an English estate of his mother&#39;s family. Some of the Hollin Hall plantation buildings still stand on Sherwood Hall Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Modernist architecture</h2><br>
<p>Davenport hired D.C.-based architect Charles M. Goodman (who also designed the Washington National Airport) to design the community; Goodman hired landscape architect Lou "Barney" Voigt to his firm in 1950. Together, the trio of builder/developer, architect and landscape architect chose to design each home with lots no smaller than one-third of an acre. Between 1949 and 1961, Charles Goodman designed eight modern unit types with variations in square footage and interior amenities, comprising 15 different combinations for Hollin Hills. During construction, many trees were retained to block sight lines, and houses were built at angles to ensure privacy. The popularity of the homes, which feature huge expanses of glass, established Goodman as a nationally acclaimed guru of modern architecture. Davenport named some streets to complement the community name, while others were named after family members: Martha&#39;s Road for his mother and Rebecca Drive for his daughter. Elba Road was named after one of his prize bulls.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the community, several custom designs, additions and modifications were constructed beyond the unit types creating an “architectural laboratory” for modern home design. In 1957, Goodman was appointed to design Alcoa Care-free Homes across the United States using more than 7,500 lb of aluminum per home. Only 23 were ever built, including one in Hollin Hills, which has since been restored. This Elba Road-home is one of the district&#39;s NRHP contributing properties and is listed separately within the Virginia Department of Historic Resources’ ‘’Notable Modern Architecture in Virginia, ca. 1940-1990’’ listing.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>In 1950, Goodman employed Harvard-trained landscape designer Lou "Barney" Voight to develop landscape plans for homes that optimized their home-sitting, the rolling hills and natural wood setting. After his untimely death at age 37 in 1953, he was followed by Daniel Urban Kiley and who focused on more geometric designs. Each provided property owners with landscaping plans intended to harmonize the contours of the land and highlight each buildings individual design and siting. Depending on the address and date of construction, residents of today may obtain copies of their original landscape plans from the Library of Congress, Harvards Frances Loeb Library, or George Mason University&#39;s Fenwick Library.</p><br>
<p>Stormwater throughout Hollin Hills is part of the Little Hunting Creek watershed that flows to the Potomac River and onto the Chesapeake Bay. Starting in April 2021 after months of debate, Fairfax County closed access to the parks and began stream restoration projects designed to restore and stabilize the dangerously eroded perennial streambeds in Goodman and Brickelmaier Parks and restore the parks to safety, ecological health, and natural beauty, which was heavily debated by residents, ecological experts and the county. The two parks were reopened in November 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>Motor vehicles are the most common form of transportation to and from Hollin Hills via its 11 ingress/egress points. Most houses do not feature garages, and instead include carports that may have been part of Goodman&#39;s plans or added via additions by Goodman associate Eason Cross Jr., and other architects throughout the years. Many homes in the original 225-acre tract have gravel parking pads at the edge of the street, in addition to driveways. County restrictions prohibit the parking of watercraft, motor homes, campers, trailers, and other large vehicles on public streets, as the community is within the Mount Vernon Community Parking District.</p><br>
<p>Virtually all public roads (interstate, primary and secondary) in Fairfax County are maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The county&#39;s public bus service, Fairfax Connector, has nearby connections via Route 101 (Fort Hunt–Mt. Vernon) and Route 152 (Groveton–Fort Hunt) routes, located near the intersection of Fort Hunt Rd and Paul Spring Rd, near the Hollin Hills Pool and community entrance. The Huntington station serves as the nearest rapid transit terminal of the Washington Metro (WMATA) system. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA), located approximately 8 miles north, is the closest airport for residents.</p><br>
<h3>Utilities</h3><br>
<p>Trash and recycling collection throughout Fairfax County is performed either by the county or private collection company. The entirety of Hollin Hills is located within the County Collection service area.</p><br>
<p>Dominion Energy is the primary supplier of electricity to area residents. Homes with natural gas are supplied Washington Gas. The Fairfax County Water Authority (or simply, Fairfax Water) is the primary water company for potable water supply to homes and fire hydrants.</p><br>
<p>Regulated wireline telephone service (aka, land line), digital/cable TV service, and residential Internet service is available with Comcast, Cox and Verizon.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>For elections, the majority of Hollin Hills is located within the Kirkside (608) voting precinct and the Hollin Meadows Elementary School is the polling place. For others, residents are served by the Bucknell (604) voting precinct and its Bryant Center polling place.</p><br>
<p>In the USA House of Representatives, residents are represented by Virginia&#39;s 8th congressional district.</p><br>
<p>For representation in the Virginia General Assembly, the community rests inside Virginias 44th House of Delegates district and Virginias 36th Senate district, for State Delegate and State Senator, respectively.</p><br>
<p>At the county (or district) level, citizens are served by the Mount Vernon Magisterial District of Fairfax County for representation amongst the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, and other district representatives on a variety of within the county.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Station No. 9, located in Sherwood Hall Lane, is the nearest response unit for emergency services from the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department (FCFRD).</p><br>
<p>Of the eight police stations of the Fairfax County Police Department (FCPD), Mount Vernon District Police Station is nearest the community.</p><br>
<p>At the community level, the Civic Association of Hollin Hills (CAHH) is a member association of the Mount Vernon Council of Citizens’ Associations, which was formed to represent and promote the interests of its member associations and to further the common good and general welfare of the residents of the Mount Vernon Magisterial District.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Within the communitys first five years, construction began on Hollin Hills Elementary School, located adjacent to the community entrance along Fort Hunt Road, immediately north of the intersection with Paul Spring Road. The school was built at a cost of $275,964 (present value: $) and opened its doors to students from Hollin Hills and other neighborhoods on September 6, 1955. In 1956, after some delay, Groveton High School opened. In 1960, William C. Bryant Intermediate School opened, one of the countys first racially integrated schools, taking grades from local elementary schools and Groveton High School. The originally all-white Hollin Hills Elementary School was desegregated in 1964. In 1965, Hollin Meadows Elementary School was built on Nordock Place, directly adjoining the neighborhood near its southern end.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1970s, enrollment numbers from other neighborhoods to the north and the older northern part of Hollin Hills had declined, leading to the closure of Hollin Hills Elementary School in June 1980. (Its buildings have since been converted into the Paul Spring Retirement Community living center.) In 1985, the Bryant Intermediate School was closed, and Hollin Hillss children were shifted to the new Carl Sandburg Intermediate School, which also included students from the closing Stephen Foster Intermediate School. This new larger intermediate school took over the building of Fort Hunt High School. At the same time, Groveton High School was expanded to cover the neighborhoods that had previously gone to nearby Fort Hunt High School, into which Foster Intermediate Schools student had formerly matriculated. Groveton was renamed to West Potomac High School. Each of these changes prompted objections from resident within Hollin Hills and other neighborhoods, not the least because of rivalry between the high schools and perceptions of class differences between them. As Hollin Hills was one of the higher incomes neighborhood within the Bryant/Groveton district, its children faced particular tensions in the earliest years of the new configurations, though those old lines were quickly forgotten as children aged through the system.</p><br>
<p>As of 2024, public elementary and secondary education of resident youth is provided by Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) with school board representation from the Mount Vernon District. FCPS schools serving the community remain Hollin Meadows Elementary School, Carl Sandburg Middle School and West Potomac High School (Wolverines). There are also many private schools in the area, such as Bishop Ireton High School (Cardinals) and St. Stephen&#39;s & St. Agnes School (Saints).</p><br>
<p>The nearest public libraries to Hollin Hills are the Sherwood Regional Library (opened in 1971) and Martha Washington Library (opened at its current location in 1961) served by the Fairfax County Public Library (FCPL) system. In addition, several residents have installed and maintain neighborhood book exchanges and chartered Little Free Library locations throughout the neighborhood, often stylized in the shape of mid-century modern homes found throughout the community.</p><br>
<h2>Civic association</h2><br>
<p>The Civic Association of Hollin Hills (CAHH) is a volunteer residential membership organization structured to promote the common good of the community. It is led by a nine-member, democratically elected Board of Directors which manages a variety of community activities, social and educational events, including a monthly newsletter, a resident/owner directory, an architectural design review committee, management and oversight of 30 acres of parkland, the,, and the biennial.</p><br>
<h3>Parks</h3><br>
<p>Resident volunteers with efforts of the CAHH Parks Committee and the organize to enhance park amenities and to control non-native, invasive species such as English ivy, multiflora rose, and tea viburnum. The seven CAHH parks include:</p><br>
<p>Paul Spring Park–a 6.38 acre park that runs along the north side of Paul Spring Road, located in the Groveton area. According to the county website, Paul Spring Park is located in a FEMA-designated "100 year floodplain" (aka, Zone AE) and Chesapeake Bay Resource Protection Area (RPA) since 1993.</p><br>
<p>Voigt Memorial Park–a set of three properties totaling 9.772 acre located between Fort Hunt Road and Rippon Road at the eastern edge of Hollin Hills in the Fort Hunt area, including the Hollin Hills Pool & Swim Club, the Hollin Hills Pickleball & Tennis Courts and wooded parkland. The main portion of the park includes a children&#39;s playground, with a bocce court located along Rippon Road. Voigt Park is located within FEMA Zone AE floodplain and the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Area RPA since 1993.</p><br>
<p>McCalley Park–a small 0.351 acre park named after Charles R. “Mac” McCalley, the construction foreman of Hollin Hills from 1949 to 1971. It is located at the southwest corner of Paul Spring Road and Rippon Road across from Voigt Park. This land was once the site of one of the originally built homes but often suffered from flooding. As a result, the structure (formerly 1801 Paul Spring Rd) was raised and the property purchased by Fairfax County Board of Supervisors in 1990. The entire park is located within the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Area RPA with some portions within a FEMA Zone AE floodplain.</p><br>
<p>Charles Goodman Park & Trail–originally named East Stafford Park and renamed after the neighborhoods master architect and planner. The sloping, narrow park consists of two tracts at a combined 3.2029 acre size that directly borders 28 home properties, and is located in the Fort Hunt area and runs roughly north–south from Paul Spring Road to Marthas Road; it can be accessed at either end. A riparian zone exists along its stream. The park is similar to Brickelmaier Park in that it is mostly forested land following the Paul Spring Branch stream with a riparian corridor.</p><br>
<p>Brickelmaier Park & Trail–the park originally was known as West Stafford Park, but was renamed in 1978 in honor of George Brickelmaier, an original resident of Hollin Hills who worked with developer Robert Davenport. This Fort Hunt area park is 3.104 acre and is accessible from Popkins Lane and Paul Spring Road, and borders 20 properties along Beechwood Road, Stafford Road, Bedford Lane, and Pickwick Lane. The park is mostly forested land that followed the natural watercourse of the Paul Spring Branch stream with a riparian corridor which buffers the stream. The park is within a designated RPA since 2003.</p><br>
<p>Wildlife Sanctuary–a relatively level 2.785 acre set of six tracts, which was subdivided for development in the 1960s, but never improved. It is located in the Hybla Valley area and Hybla Valley Farm land tract along Delafield Place and Boswell Avenue, west of Elba Road. While it was acquired through a land trade with Fairfax County in 1976, it is a part of the HOD. The majority of the land is located within the Chesapeake Bay RPA since 2003.</p><br>
<p>Sutton–Potter Park–a narrow, sloping 5.37 acre rectangular park along with a much smaller 0.29 acre access tract (aka, the dogleg) at the western edge of Hollin Hills (in the Hybla Valley area). The park entrance is located via path in the 7400 block of Range Road. The homes along this block (officially designated in county records as Hollin Meadows) are a semi-exclave to Hollin Hills; its homeowners and residents are allowed to join and become members of the CAHH. This park was acquired in 1966 as part of a land swap with the county; it is located outside the historic district and HOD.</p><br>
<p>Lastly, other nearby parks inclusive of the county HOD but located outside of the state and national historic district boundaries are White Oaks Park and two portions of the Paul Springs Valley Stream Park, all of which is maintained by the Fairfax County Park Authority (FCPA).</p><br>
<h3>Swim and racquet clubs</h3><br>
<p>Goodman and Davenport originally planned and submitted to Fairfax County for zoning approval in 1952 that Hollin Hills would have its own shopping center and gas station; however, the county rejected the plan and the shopping center is never built on the corner of Paul Spring Road and Fort Hunt Road. The site is now the home of the Hollin Hills pool, and tennis and pickleball courts. Completed in 1954, Hollin Hills Pool & Swim Club, which was established on 2.95 acre of land purchased by the Civic Association from Robert Davenport. The Hollin Hills Swim Team, established in 1956, is one of the nine charter members of the Northern Virginia Swim League (NVSL). The Hollin Hills Bluefish compete in NVSL Division 14.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the community formed a tennis club and four tennis courts were built and remained in active use for many years until the 1990s when period flooding from the Paul Spring Branch damaged the courts to become nearly unplayable. In 2021, the community voted to replace half the tennis courts. In 2022, six pickleball courts were built atop two of the tennis courts; the courts are managed by the CAHH Hollin Hills Pickleball and Tennis Club. The pool/tennis/pickleball property, now consisting of 6.137 acre, is located along Fort Hunt Road at its intersection with Paul Spring Road. Both the swim and racquet clubs offer resident and non-resident membership options.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the at 2500 Woodlawn Trail is located near the "new" Hollin Hills area and was once part of CAHH. Today, the HMSTC is separate from the CAHH as a private-membership based club operating a 5-acre complex in a wooded area, bordering the historic district boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>Awards and recognition</h2><br>
<p>The structures and community of Hollin Hills has won many architectural and landscape design awards beginning with the Revere Quality House award from the Southwest Research Institute in 1950. After more than 25 years, the community was the inaugural awardee of the Test-of-Time Award (Residential category) from the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) for its lasting appeal in site-planning, house sitting and architecture for houses on Stafford Road.</p><br>
<p>With its last home constructed in 1971, the communitys first significant and lasting recognition as a historic community occurred quickly thereafter with its 1972 inclusion in the Fairfax Countys Inventory of Historic Sites. Next in December 2004, Hollin Hills is prominently listed within The Contemporary House and The Contemporary Landscape Design sections of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) multiple property submission for Historic Residential Suburbs in the United States, 1830–1960. Subsequently, the Board of the Civic Association of Hollin Hills (CAHH) sought and was granted state and national designations when Hollin Hills was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register in late June 2013, followed by its September 2013 inclusion as a National Register of Historic Places national historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Over the decades, this mid-century modern community has attracted artists, architects, politicians, lawyers, doctors and numerous other individuals typical of the metropolitan DC region, including and the production designers for Mad Men, Dan Bishop and Jeremy Conway. Notable residents include:</p><br>
<p>Reginald Bartholomew—diplomat</p><br>
<p>Gilbert Wheeler Beebe—epidemiologist and statistician</p><br>
<p>James Carroll—author, historian, and journalist</p><br>
<p>Joseph Carroll—military officer (Lt. General); original settler of Hollin Hills (1950–58)</p><br>
<p>Bernard B. Fall—prominent war correspondent, historian, political scientist, and expert on Indochina during the 1950s and 1960s</p><br>
<p>Roberta Flack—singer</p><br>
<p>Noel Gayler—naval officer (Admiral), 6th director of the National Security Agency</p><br>
<p>Philip Hirschkop—civil rights lawyer</p><br>
<p>Paul Krizek—politician; House of Delegates–District 44.</p><br>
<p>Ronald F. Lee—principal architect of the national historic preservation program</p><br>
<p>James G. O&#39;Hara—former USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Pat Roberts—retired USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Salvatore R. Martoche—political appointee and judge</p><br>
<p>Gil Scott-Heron—jazz poet and musician</p><br>
<p>David McCullough—author</p><br>
<p>William "Bill" Green Miller—ambassador</p><br>
<p>Richard M. Moose—executive and diplomat</p><br>
<p>Carl C. Mose—sculptor</p><br>
<p>Helen W. Nies–judge</p><br>
<p>Steve Novosel—jazz bassist and educator</p><br>
<p>Michael Sorkin—architectural and urban critic, designer, and educator</p><br>
<p>Kathleen Mary Spagnolo—artist</p><br>
<p>Old City is a neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, near the Delaware River waterfront. It is home to Independence National Historical Park, a dense section of historic landmarks including Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, the First Bank of the United States, the Second Bank of the United States, and Carpenters Hall. It also includes historic streets such as Elfreths Alley, dating back to 1703.</p><br>
<p>Old City is also home to several hotels, with the Independence Park Hotel on Chestnut Street the only hotel listed on the National Registry of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Old City borders Northern Liberties to the north, Penn&#39;s Landing to the east, Society Hill to the south, and Chinatown and Market East to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The Old City special services district stretches from Front to Sixth Streets between Walnut and Vine. The Philadelphia Almanac and Citizens&#39; Manual gives a larger set of boundaries to the Old City area, defined as the area within Spring Garden Street, 4th Street, the Delaware River, and Walnut Street. The Old City Redevelopment Area is bounded by Vine Street, the Delaware River, Lombard Street and 7th Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Along with the northern part of Society Hill, Old City is one of Philadelphias oldest neighborhoods and part of the area where William Penn and the Quakers first settled. It hosted the governments of Pennsylvania and the United States of America for most of the period from 1776–1800, and was North Americas most important financial center through the 1830s. As Philadelphias central business district gradually moved west, it became a warehouse and light industrial district. Many historical sites were restored or reconstructed in the twentieth century, especially during the development of Independence National Historical Park after 1943 and culminating with the United States Bicentennial in 1976. In the 1980s, the warehouse area north of Chestnut and especially Market Streets became popular for art galleries and artists studios (the latter mostly displaced by gentrification in the 1990s) as well as bars, restaurants, and nightclubs.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In addition to Independence Hall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Old City includes hundreds of important examples of Georgian and Federal public buildings, churches, a historic boutique hotel ( Independence Park Hotel ) and houses; Greek Revival and Italianate banks and exchanges; and cast iron warehouses and was as the Old City Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 2003, the district was also added to the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Places of note</h3><br>
<p>Girard Fountain Park</p><br>
<p>Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the USA Constitution were drafted and signed</p><br>
<p>Carpenter&#39;s Hall</p><br>
<p>Liberty Bell</p><br>
<p>Museum of the American Revolution</p><br>
<p>National Constitution Center</p><br>
<p>National Museum of American Jewish History</p><br>
<p>Penn&#39;s Landing</p><br>
<p>Independence Park Hotel</p><br>
<p>Betsy Ross House, residence of seamstress Betsy Ross when she sewed the first American flag</p><br>
<p>Elfreth&#39;s Alley</p><br>
<h2>Business and commerce</h2><br>
<p>Old City is one of Philadelphia&#39;s popular nightlife destinations, with the historic Independence Park Hotel, a 41 room European style boutique hotel at 235 Chestnut Street. Old City is also home to many lounges, dive bars, and quality restaurants, mostly along the three blocks from 3rd and Market streets to Front and Chestnut streets. The 3rd Street Corridor, between Market Street and Vine Street, is home to galleries, boutiques, and other locally owned businesses. There are three independent movie theaters in the neighborhood, two operated by the Philadelphia Film Society and one by Landmark Theatres. During the popular monthly First Friday event, art galleries, studios and shops hold evening-hours open houses featuring art, design, and fashion. Since 2010, tech firms have moved to the area as well.</p><br>
<h2>Government and infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office is in the USA Custom House, a part of the Independence National Historical Park, in Old City, directly across the street from the historic Independence Park Hotel, a favorite hotel for Government travelers.</p><br>
<h2>Consulates</h2><br>
<p>Many foreign governments have consulates that use the Independence Park Hotel located in Old City, including Panama (124 Chestnut Street), Italy (1026 Public Ledger Building at 150 South Independence Mall West), and Mexico (111 South Independence Mall East). The Dominican Republic closed its consulate in the Lafayette Building at 437 Chestnut Street on November 7, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Old City children are assigned to schools in the School District of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to the General George A. McCall School for grades Kindergarten through 8.</p><br>
<p>All persons assigned to McCall are assigned to Benjamin Franklin High School in North Philadelphia. Previously Old City was assigned to Furness High School.</p><br>
<p>The Mastery Charter Schools system operates the Mastery Charter Lenfest Campus (7-12) in Old City. It moved from North Philadelphia to Old City in 2002.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary Interparochial Grade School is the designated grade school of St. Augustine Church, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h3>Public libraries</h3><br>
<p>The Free Library of Philadelphia operates its Independence Branch at 18 South 7th Street.</p><br>
<h2>Historic congregations in Old City</h2><br>
<p>Christ Church (1695)</p><br>
<p>Arch Street Meeting (1701)</p><br>
<p>Old First Reformed Church (1727)</p><br>
<p>Congregation Mikveh Israel (1740)</p><br>
<p>Old St. George&#39;s Church (1767)</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine&#39;s Church (1796)</p><br>
<p>Seamen&#39;s Church Institute (1843)</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>In National Treasure (2004), Nicolas Cage&#39;s character runs across the roof of Independence Hall.</p><br>
<p>In Shooter (2007), Mark Wahlberg&#39;s character is set up for the shooting of the Ethiopian archbishop at Independence Mall.</p><br>
<p>In Ghostbusters (N/A), pills-berry doughboy&#39;s character</p><br>
<p>The Ouray City Hall and Walsh Library are a pair of buildings in downtown Ouray, Colorado, United States. Located on 6th Avenue between 3rd and 4th Streets, they are together listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1900, the city hall was built as a miniature replica of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Thomas Walsh, founder of the Camp Bird Mine, donated a library which occupied the second floor. The structure burned down in January 1950. It was listed on the Register in 1975. A restoration effort in 1976 as part of the city of Ouray Centennial failed, but another restoration effort led by then-mayor Bill Fries (C.W. McCall) succeeded in restoring the historic facade in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Wren Building (original build, 1695-1699 it is the oldest of academic buildings still standing and in use in the United States, and has appeared in the Virginia Landmarks Register since September 9, 1969.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the first building on this site was laid on August 8, 1695, While many details regarding the matter are unknown, an undated modern Wren House informational placard states that the "building was made by the labor of enslaved individuals... possibl including... enslaved children..." and that the same labor was used "to run the College, most likely assisting with cleaning, cooking, gardening, tending livestock, etc."</p><br>
<p>The college named the building in honor of the English architect Sir Christopher Wren, after Hugh Jones—a Reverend and William and Mary mathematics professor—wrote in his Present State of Virginia (1724) that it was “first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren, adapted to the nature of the country by the gentlemen there”; however, it is unknown how Jones came to this conclusion, since there are no actual documents tying Wren to the building&#39;s design, and he never even visited North America.</p><br>
<p>After several fires and rebuildings, the Wren Building was the first major building restored or reconstructed by John D. Rockefeller Jr., after he and the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin began Colonial Williamsburgs restoration in the late 1920s. The buildings was restored in the 20th century by Boston architects Perry Shaw & Hepburn. Perry Shaw & Hepburns restoration reflects the buildings historic appearance from its reconstruction in 1716 after a 1705 fire to 1859, when it burned again.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed as it currently stands out of red brick, in the style of Flemish and English Bond (as was typical for official buildings in 17th- and 18th-century Williamsburg). Its rebuilding, despite modifications, generally were "within the original walls", as "walls surviv... were incorporated in the rebuildings". It has contained classrooms, offices, a refectory known as the Great Hall, and a kitchen, and a chapel, which was added as a south wing in 1732. The crypt beneath the chapel is the resting place of several notable Virginians, including royal governor the 4th Baron Botetourt, Speaker of the House of Burgesses Sir John Randolph, and his son Peyton Randolph, Founding Father and first President of the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<p>On the top of the building is a weather vane with the number 1693, the year the College was founded. In the early 1770s, plans were drawn up to complete the building as a quadrangle; alumnus Thomas Jefferson (class of 1762) drew up a floorplan which was submitted to Governor Dunmore, and foundations were laid in 1774. The looming American Revolutionary War halted further construction, and the fourth wing was never completed. The foundations, however, still exist and were uncovered during excavations in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The first and second floors of the building are still open for public viewing; the Spotswood Society—named after Virginia governor Alexander Spotswood—offers guided tours of the building when William and Mary classes are in-session. The Spotswood Society also offers a virtual tour.</p><br>
<h2>Early History</h2><br>
<p>The Wren Building (constructed between 1695-1699 ahead of runner-up Harvard Universitys Massachusetts Hall (constructed in 1720). The Wren Building, previously known simply as "The College" or "The Main Building", was effectively the schools only academic building until the construction of the Brafferton building and President&#39;s House (in 1723 and 1733, respectively). (The William and Mary campus only began its westward expansion in the first part of the twentieth century.)</p><br>
<h2>Uses of the building</h2><br>
<p>According to an undated modern Wren House informational placard, "ntil at least 1724, students, administrators, faculty, and staff, including slaves and their families, lived in th building &quot in addition, they studied and attended religious services in the building.</p><br>
<p>The College (with its sole Wren Building structure) was critical to Williamsburg becoming the new capital of Virginia, after William and Mary students made speeches on May 1, 1699 from The College (Wren Building), stating that they would help build the town to its full potential. After the destruction of Virginias former capital of Jamestown, Virginias legislature met in the building&#39;s Great Hall as a temporary meeting place (1700-1704), while the Capitol was under construction. As early as Christmas 1702, students—termed "Scholars"—are noted, in affidavit, as occupying the building (a fact known from an episode in which they had barricaded the Grammar School doors, followed by an attempt by others to break in, with the firing of shots by the Scholars). A Wren Building placard states that as of 1754, "8 body servants—enslaved African Americans about the same age as the students—were here to attend their young owners", with "bursar charges show minimal room and board costs".</p><br>
<p>When the Capitol burned in 1747, the legislature moved back into the building until the Capitol was reconstructed in 1754. The building also housed a grammar school and an Indian school, which was moved to the Brafferton building, in 1723. The building was used as a military hospital by the French during the American Revolutionary War and by the Confederacy during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Wren Building today has historical and ceremonial importance in addition to its academic use. Each year during the opening convocation ceremony, incoming William and Mary freshmen enter the building from the courtyard, pass through the central hall, and exit on the opposite side. As seniors, students pass through the building in the opposite direction on their way to the graduation ceremony. The Yule Log Ceremony, the Colleges holiday celebration, is held every year at the Wren Building, typically during the second weekend in December. Each fall incoming freshmen take the schools Honor Code Pledge in the buildings Great Hall. The Bishop James Madison Society, the Colleges second-oldest secret society, is rumored to meet in the Wren Building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic setting</h2><br>
<p>After the completion of the Presidents House and the added chapel wing in 1732, the Colleges layout and overall architectural organization changed little until the construction of additional academic buildings in the early-twentieth century. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, the campus consisted of the three buildings- the Wren Building, the Brafferton, and the Presidents House- proportionally arranged in the College yard. With the Wren Building (or "College" as it was called) placed in the middle and bounded by the Brafferton to the south and the Presidents House to the north, the view gave visitors a sense of balance and proportion, important tenets of the Enlightenment and visible in Jacobean, Anglo-Dutch, and Georgian architecture of the period. To complete the view, a formal geometric garden of hedge rows, topiaries, planting beds, and marl paths was laid out in the College yard facing Duke of Gloucester Street, and a botanical and scientific garden was laid in the back, which led to acres of woodlands and streams. Archaeological and historical evidence points to the formal garden in the front having been destroyed by the late-eighteenth century. Plans drawn up by French engineers of Williamsburg in 1782 show plain rectangular beds ornamenting the front, and later nineteenth-century engravings and photographs show rows of trees and even cows lounging in the College yard. Any remaining physical trace of the gardens were finally obliterated in 1862, when massive earthworks were built during the Siege of Williamsburg. However, the Brafferton Building was most likely facing the opposite way and was therefore excluded from this garden area.</p><br>
<p>Recorded descriptions of the grounds appearance are few. One possible view was discovered in the late-1920s when researchers discovered a ca. 1747 printing plate in Englands Bodleian Library depicting Williamsburg landmarks, including the College. Although this "Bodleian Plate" served as the blueprint for the Wren Buildings restoration in the 1920s and 1930s, little was known about the plates authenticity with regard to the gardens until College archaeologists and students began digging for evidence in 2005. Since these initial archaeological discoveries, the Bodleian Plate has proved remarkably faithful in its depiction of the College yards early garden layout.</p><br>
<p>Although the two side structures are not entirely balanced (there is a slight size discrepancy between the Brafferton and Presidents House), the sight of the College would have been impressive for an 18th-century Virginian. Native- and foreign-born visitors alike marveled at the Colleges design.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery</h3><br>
<p>Following the usage of enslaved labor in the construction of the Wren Building, enslaved persons were utilized in a variety of roles by the college, including as chefs, gardeners, and laborers. These enslaved men and women were most likely overseen by one specific man, or perhaps the housekeeper. The building of the Wren Building was also funded by enslaved labor, since the funds for William and Mary that were provided in the 1693 royal charter were funds from a tobacco plantation.</p><br>
<p>Enslaved individuals were also a means of revenue. When William & Mary lost its funding from the monarchy because of the American Revolution, the Virginia Gazette published a statute passed at a meeting of the Board of Visitors which emphasized how the Visitors intended to use the sale of slaves to compensate for this loss of funding: “A sufficient number of slaves shall be reserved for cleaning the College; and if any remain after such reservation, and hiring of the slaves belonging to the garden and kitchen, as aforesaid, they shall be hired out at publick auction.” In the early part of the nineteenth century, the College gave its few slaves a dollar each for Christmas, and it is known from the record that the dollars were mailed to each slave as the College also paid postage. William & Mary itself owned a plantation, the Nottoway Quarter, which ran on enslaved labor, starting in 1718 with seventeen enslaved people. The proceeds from the sale of tobacco helped to fund the College and scholarships. It was sold in 1802.</p><br>
<p>The Spotswood Society works with the Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation, which is a project created in 2009 in an attempt to "rectify wrongs perpetrated against African Americans by the College through action or inaction." A display discussing the colleges ties with slavery was erected in the buildings information center in 2019. A bronze tablet also was erected to honor those who fought in the Civil War, replacing the 1914 marble plaque that listed the names of only the students and faculty who fought in the Confederacy. The new marble plaque contains all the names of the Union and Confederate soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Fires</h2><br>
<p>The building has been gutted by fire three times (1705, 1859, and 1862). The first fire was accidental and began in a basement in the North Wing of the building in 1705. Reconstruction after this fire, commanded by Governor Alexander Spotswood, was completed by 1716 with partial funds from Queen Anne. A second fire ravaged the building in 1859, and when it was rebuilt, the Wren Building had a newly fashionable Italianate design. In this fire, a man at the school accused the enslaved people of starting the fire, due to their use of candlelight. However, another man defended the enslaved individuals, stating that he had seen their candle go out prior to the fire. A third fire was set intentionally by Federal troops during the Civil War in 1862. Each reconstruction incorporated the surviving exterior walls, but the overall look of the building has varied considerably over time.</p><br>
<p>Sir John Randolph, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses, an Attorney General for the Colony of Virginia, and the youngest son of William Randolph and Mary Isham, was interred at the chapel of the Wren Building after his death in 1737. After the burial vaults were disturbed in the 1859 fire, a physician who examined the contents of Randolph&#39;s tomb discovered the bones of Randolph and an unknown second person.</p><br>
<h2>Botetourt statue</h2><br>
<p>Popular Virginia Governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt, better known as Lord Botetourt, who died in office in 1770 and had been a member of the Colleges Board of Visitors, was buried in the crypt under the buildings chapel. A statue of Lord Botetourt was acquired by William and Mary in 1797 and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building in 1801. Previously displayed in the piazza of the Capitol Building at the opposite end of Duke of Gloucester Street, the statue was a landmark in front of the building for several centuries. After years of weathering, it was removed in 1958 and in 1966 was placed in its new location inside the College&#39;s Swem Library. In 1993, as the College celebrated its Tercentenary (300th anniversary), a new statue of Lord Botetourt, created in bronze by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray, was installed in the College Yard, in the place occupied for so many years by the original.</p><br>
<h2>Priorities of the College</h2><br>
<p>A large plaque was presented by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1914 which lists some of the notable firsts for William and Mary:</p><br>
<p>First college in the United States, the claim being that its antecedents go back to the college proposed at Henrico (1619).</p><br>
<p>First American college to receive its charter from the Crown under the Seal of the Privy Council, in 1693. Hence it was known as "their Majesties&#39; Royal College of William and Mary."</p><br>
<p>First and only American college to receive a colonial Coat-of-Arms from the College of Arms in London, 1694.</p><br>
<p>First college in the United States to have a full Faculty, consisting of a President, six Professors, usher; and writing master, 1729.</p><br>
<p>First college to confer medallic prizes; the gold medals donated by Lord Botetourt in 1771.</p><br>
<p>First college to establish an inter-collegiate fraternity, the Phi Beta Kappa, December 5, 1776.</p><br>
<p>First college to have the Elective system of study, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to have the Honor System (inked by Thomas Jefferson), 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to become a University, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to have a school of Modern Languages, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to include Fine Arts in a professorship, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to have a school of Municipal and Constitutional Law, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to teach Political Economy, 1784.</p><br>
<p>First college to have a school of Modern History, 1803.</p><br>
<p>Travis Heights is a historic neighborhood in south Austin, Texas, United States, bounded by Lady Bird Lake on the north, Interstate 35 on the east, Congress Avenue on the west and Oltorf Street on the south. These boundaries include Fairview Park, an earlier suburb associated with the same developers, running from the west side of Blunn Creek to South Congress Avenue. Part of Travis Heights was stranded east of Interstate 35; many of the same streets to be found west of the highway continue east of it.</p><br>
<p>It was founded in 1912 by Newning, Swisher and General Stacy, but development did not expand rapidly until the 1920s. The city park located along Blunn Creek in Travis Heights was donated by Stacy and bears his name, Stacy Park, as does the "Big Stacy" spring-fed pool and the "Little Stacy" park and swimming pool, built as a WPA project during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>Originally conceived as an exclusive district for the wealthy, the adjacent development of Fairview Park was first developed in the late 19th century, but did not really take off. It was not until the 1920s when Travis Heights was developed next to it, that life south of the river was a reasonable venture. Now, with a great mix of mansions, smaller homes, and hip apartments, Travis Heights is among the most desirable residential neighborhoods in Austin. Proximity to South Congress, Downtown Austin, and the major freeways also make Travis Heights one of the best-positioned areas in South Austin.</p><br>
<p>Another attraction of the neighborhood is its closeness to the newly rejuvenated South Congress Avenue, many times called SoCo. South Congress is full of hip cafes and stores, and attracts many tourists and young professionals from downtown.</p><br>
<p>Blunn Creek Nature Preserve is almost 40 acres in Travis Heights, central South Austin, with trails and historical plaques. Details of the history, including the natural history, of the creek and preserve can be found at this Austin Parks & Recreation web site.</p><br>
<p>Travis Heights is located in city council District 9.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood is zoned to the Austin Independent School District (AISD).</p><br>
<p>Travis Heights Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Sarah Lively Middle School</p><br>
<p>It was previously Fulmore Middle School, after former Confederate States of America soldier and judge of Travis County Zachary Taylor Fulmore. In 1886 a one room schoolhouse was made, and in 1911 its brick replacement arrived, with the Fulmore naming coming at that time. Alumni who attended in the 1960s through the 1980s, wishing to have a name not related to a Confederate figure, suggested naming the school after longtime teacher Sarah Ann Lively, who began teaching there in 1964. In 2018 six AISD board members voted to rename the school, one opposed, and one abstained. Lively died at age 88 on January 4, 2021.</p><br>
<p>Travis High School</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Miners Hospital opened on August 27, 1887, in Ouray, Colorado. The architectural style of the building is Italianate and it is constructed of native stone. The hospital closed in 1964. This structure has been placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Ouray County Historical Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today, this building houses the Ouray County Historical Society and operates as the Ouray County Historical Museum. Exhibits include mining, ranching and railroad artifacts, minerals, Native American artifacts, period room displays, medical equipment, household items and cultural displays. The museum also features a library and research center.</p><br>
